Quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation (qPCR). A, We validated expression of SOCS2, which is associated with illness severity. Left, Gene expression by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Right, Gene expression by qPCR. Gene expression is plotted relative to severity. B, We validated expression of OAS1 and RSAD2, which are associated with stage of infection. Left, Gene expression by RNA-seq. Right, Gene expression by qPCR. Gene expression is plotted relative to the day of onset of clinical symptoms, separately for subjects with mild or severe phenotypes. P value indicates significance level for association with stage. Abbreviations: qPCR, quantiative polymerase chain reaction; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing.