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. 2017 Dec 16;216(Suppl 10):S976–S990. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix405

Table 1.

Studies on Vector Competence for Zika virusa

Reference Mosquito vector Zika virus strain Vector competence study
Species Origin History Strain Origin Lineage Infection Route Competence Summary of results
Aliota et al., 2016 [54] Ae. aegypti Black eyed Liverpool Lab colony PRV ABC59 Human, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian Murine 106.8 PFU 14 di IR 100, DR 71, TR 24 Ae. aegypti and albopictus highly competent, Ae. triseriatus and Cx. pipiens incompetent.
Ae. albopictus Missouri 2002 Lab colony IR 100, DR 67, TR 22
Ae. triseriatus Iowa 2002 Lab colony IR 31, DR 0
Cx. pipiens Iowa 2002 Lab colony IR 0, DR 0
Amraoui et al., 2016 [57] Cx. pipiens Tabarka, Tunisia 2010 Lab colony NC-2014–5132 Human, New Caledonia, 2014 Asian BM; 107.2 PFU 3 - 21 dpi (d 14 shown) IR 0, DR 0, TR 0 Culex spp. incompetent
Cx. quinq. San Joaquin Valley, CA 1950 Lab colony IR 17, DR 2, TR 0
Boccolini et al., 2016 [58] Cx. pipiens Rome, 2015 Lab colony H/PF/2013 Human, French Polynesia, 2013 Asian BM: 106.46 PFU 3–24 dpi (d14 shown) IR 0, DR 0, TR 0 Cx. pipiens incompetent. Ae. aegypti moderately competent.
Ae. aegypti Reynosa, Mexico,1998 Lab colony IR 50, DR 50, TR 38
Boorman and Porterfield,1956 [8] Ae. aegypti Nigeria 1948 Lab colony MR 766 Monkey, Uganda, 1947 E African BM, 106.7 LD50 60 dpi IR 100 TR 50 Transmission to mice
Chouin-Carneiro et al., 2016 [113] Ae aegypti French Guiana F1 NC-2014–5132 Human, New Caledonia, 2014 Asian BM 107 TCID50 per 0.03 ml 7 & 14 dpi 7 dpi: IR 100, TR 0 At 7 dpi high infection (low dissemination – not shown), no transmission by all vectors tested. At 14 dpi, Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti exhibited similar low transmission efficiency.
Ae aegypti Guadeloupe F2 7 dpi: IR 87, TR 0
Ae aegypti Martinique F1 7 dpi I: IR 90, TR 0
Ae aegypti Orlando, Florida >F10 7 dpi: IR 93, TR nd
Ae aegypti Tubiacanga, Brazil F1 7 DPI: IR 83, TR nd
14 dpi: IR 77, TR 8
Ae. albopictus Jurujuba, Brazil F1 7 dpi: IR 23, TR nd
Ae. albopictus Vero Beach, Florida F7 7 dpi: IR 60, TR 0 14 dpi: IR 50, TR 2
Ciota et al., 2017 [114] Ae. albopictus Suffolk, New York F5-F7 HND 2016–19563 Human, Honduras, 2016, p2 Asian BM, fresh, 10 6.6-7.7 PFU 21 dpi HND: IR 93 TR 20
CAM: IR 40 TR 10		 Ae. albopictus IR≥ Ae. aegypti, but transmission efficiency higher for Ae. aegypti, indicating a transmission barrier in Ae. albopictus
Ae aegypti Poza Rica, Mexico F5-F7 CAM FSS130325 Human serum,
Cambodia, 2010, p4		 Asian HND:IR 47, TR36
CAM:IR 44, TR33
Cornet et al., 1979 [9] Ae. aegypti Senegal 1971 Lab colony ArD 24280 Ae. luteocephalus, 1976, Senegal W African IT dose unknown 7- 28 dpi TR 91 Ae. aegypti highly competent following inoculation
Diagne et al., 2015 [7] Ae. aegypti Dakar, Senegal Domestic F1 ArD 128000 Ae. luteocephalus, 1997, Kedougou, W African BM 6.4–7.6 log10 PFU 5–15 dpi (results shown for 15 dpi) Ae. aegypti,
Dakar:IR+, DR+ (4 strains), TR 0		 All vectors tested were infected by all virus strains and exhibited dissemination with ≥2 strains. Only two vectors were able transmit virus (Ae. vittatus with HD 78788 and Ae. luteocephalus with MR766).
Ae. aegypti Kedougou, Senegal Sylvatic F1 ArD 132912 Ae. dalzieli,1998 Kedougou, p4 W African Ae. aegypti Kedougou: IR+ DR+ (4 strains), TR 0
Ae. unilineatus Kedougou, Senegal Sylvatic F1 ArD 157995 Ae. dalzieli 2001 Kedougou, p6 W African Ae. unilineatus: IR+, DR+ (2 strains), TR 0
Ae. vittatus Kedougou, Senegal Sylvatic F1 ArD 165522 Ae. Vittatus, 2002 Kedougou, p5 W African Ae. vittatus: IR+, DR+ (3 strains), TR 20 (HD787888)
Ae. luteocephalus Kedougou, Senegal Sylvatic F1 HD 78788 Human, Dakar, 1991 W African Ae. luteocephalus: IR+, DR+ (5 strains), TR 10 (MR 766)
MR 766 Monkey, Uganda, 1947 E African
Di Luca et al., 2016 [115] Ae. aegypti Mexico Lab colony H/PF/2013 Human, French Polynesia Asian BM 106.4 PFU 3–21 dpi (14 dpi shown) IR 40, DR 40, TR 40 Ae. aegypti more competent than Ae. albopictus
Ae. albopictus Italy 2015 Lab colony IR 20, DR 10, TR 10
Dodson, et al., 2017 [63] An. gambiae NIH Lab colony MR 766 Monkey, Uganda, 1947 E African BM, 10 4.3-7.7 PFU 7–14 dpi (14 dpi shown) IR 0 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles stephensi, and Cx. quinq mosquitoes refractory to Zika virus infection.
An. stephensi Johns Hopkins Lab colony IR 0
Cx.quinq. Wadsworth Lab colony MR 766 Monkey, Uganda, 1947 E African IR 0
PRV ABC59 Human, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian IR 0
Dutra et al., 2016 [116] Ae.aegypti Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Lab colony, wMel neg BRPE 243/ 2015 Human, Brazil, 2015 Asian BM, fresh 5x106 PFU 14 dpi IR 100, DR 100, TR 100 Dramatically reduced infection, dissemination and transmission rates were observed in Ae.aegypti mosquitoes naturally infected with Wolbachia bacteria.
Lab colony, wMel pos IR 35, DR 10, TR 45
Lab colony, wMel neg SPH/ 2015 Human, Brazil, 2015 Asian BM, fresh 8.7x103 PFU 14 dpi IR 95, DR 95, TR ND
Lab colony, wMel pos IR 30, DR 25, TR ND
Fernandes et al., 2017 [69] Cx. quinq. Recife, NE Brazil F1 ZIKVPE243 Human; Recife 2015 Asian BM 106.36 PFU IR 0 Cx. quinq. from areas of SE Brazil were refractory to infection by ZIKV isolates from Brazil.
Ae. aegypti were highly infected. 100% tested had positive salivary glands. Virus detected in salivary expectorates at level similar to Ae. aegypti
ZIKVSPH2014 Human Sumare 2015 Asian BM 107.23 PFU IR 0
ZIKU1/2015 Human Rio de Janeiro Asian BM 106.56 PFU 7,14 dpi 7d: IR 5 DR 0 14d: IR 0 DR 0
Cx. quinq. Campina Grande, NE Brazil F1 ZIKVPE243 Human; Recife Asian BM 106.36 PFU IR 0
ZIKVSPH2014 Human Sumare 2015 Asian BM 107.23 PFU IR 0
ZIKU1/2015 Human Rio de Janeiro Asian BM 106.56 PFU IR 0
Cx. quinq. Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil F>10 ZIKVPE243 Human; Recife Asian BM 106.36 PFU IR 0
ZIKVSPH2014 Human Sumare 2015 Asian BM 107.23 PFU IR 0
Cx. quinq. Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil F1 ZIKVPE243 Human; Recife Asian BM 106.56 PFU IR 0
ZIKSPH2014 Human Sumare2015 Asian BM 107.23 PFU IR 0
Ae. aegypti Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil F>10 ZIKVPE243 Human; Recife BM 106.36 PFU IR 68 DR 100
ZIKVSPH2014 Human Sumare 2015 BM 107.23 PFU IR 100 DR 100
ZIKU1/2015 Human Rio de Janeiro BM 106.56 PFU 7 dpi IR 75 DR 60
Guedes et al., 2017 [67] Ae. aegypti Fernando de Noronha, PE Brazil F1 - F2 BRPE 243/2015 Human, Brazil 2015 Asian BM 106 pfu 3,7,15 dpi day (15dpi shown) IR 40 SR 0 Cx. quinq. positive salivary glands; virus detected in salivary expectorates at rate similar to Ae. aegypti.
Cx. quinq. Recife PE,Brazil CqS Lab colony IR 39 SR 28
Ae. aegypti Recife PE,Brazil Rec Lab colony IR 44 SR38
Guo et al., 2016 [66] Cx. quinq. Hainan province southern China, 2014 Lab colony SZ01 Human, Samoa, 2016. Asian BM, 105.48 PFU 2–18 dpi 16d: IR 60 SR 0 (20% SG pos)
10 d: TR 89% mice pos		 Cx. quinq. transmitted to mice at 10 dpi, but no virus in saliva 16 dpi
Hall-Mendelin et al., 2016 [60] Ae. aegypti Queensland, Australia F4 MR 766 Monkey, Uganda, 1947 E African BM, 106.7 TCID50 14 dpi IR 57, DR 71, TR 27 Ae. aegypti competent. Three other Aedes species displayed none -moderate dissemination but no transmission.
Three Culex species incompetent.
Ae. notoscriptus Queensland, Australia Field collected IR 57, DR 0, TR 0
Ae. procax Queensland, Australia Field collected IR 33, DR 17, TR 0
Ae. vigilax Queensland, Australia Field collected IR 57, DR 27, TR 0
Cx. annulirostris Queensland, Australia Field collected IR 0, DR 0, TR 0
Cx. quinq. Queensland, Australia Field collected IR 7, DR 0, TR 0
Cx. sitiens Queensland, Australia Field collected IR 0, DR 0, TR 0
Hart et al., 2017 [61] Cx. quinq. Gulf Coast, US Lab colony DAKAR41525 1985 Senegal W African BM 106 FFU 3–17 dp IR 0, DR 0, TR 0 Cx. quinq. and Ae. taeniorhynchus from the US Gulf Coast refractory to infection. In previous experiments, Ae. aegypti was competent for these virus strains.
FSS13025 2010 Cambodia Asian IR 0, DR 0, TR 0
MEX1–7 2015 Mexico Asian IR 0, DR 0, TR 0
MEX 1–44 2015 Mexico Ásian IR 0, DR 0, TR 0
Cx. quinq. Houston F2 FSS13025 2010 Cambodia Asian BM IR 0, DR 0, TR 0
MEX1–7 2015 Mexico Asian Murine IR 0, DR 0, TR 0
PRV ABC59 Human, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian Murine IR 0, DR 0, TR 0
Ae. taeniorhynchus Gulf Coast, US Lab colony MEX 1–44 2015 Mexico Ásian BM IR 0, DR 0, TR 0
Heitmann et al. 2017 [64] Ae. aegypti Bayer company Lab colony FB-GWUH-2016 Travel case (Mexico, Belize, & Guatemala) Asian BM
107 PFU/ml
14 & 21 dpi
(14 dpi shown)		 18°C: IR 55, TR 0
27°C: IR49, TR22		 Aedes spp. colonies competent only at 27°C at 14 dpi with similar transmission rates.
Three Culex species, collected in Germany were not competent for ZIKV.
Ae. albopictus Calabria, Italy 2016 F7 18°C:IR 63, TR 0
27°C:IR 71, TR13
Ae. albopictus Freiburg, Germany 2016 F7 18°C: IR 13, TR 0
27°C: IR 65, TR 13
Cx. p. molestus Heidelberg, Germany 2011 Lab colony 18°C: IR 29, TR 0
27°C: IR 24, TR 0
Cx. p. pipiens Hamburg, Germany Field collected 18°C: IR 47, TR 0
27°C: IR 8, TR 0
Cx. torrentium Hamburg, Germany Field collected 18°C: IR 31, TR 0
27°C: IR 11, TR0
Huang et al., 2016 [55] Cx. pipiens Anderson, CA F15 PRV ABC59 Human serum, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian BM 10 6.52 TCID50 7 & 14 dpi 7 dp: IR 0, DR 0 14 dpi IR 0, DR 0 Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinq. incompetent
Cx. pipiens Ewing, NJ F7 7 dp: IR 0, DR 0 14 dpi IR 0, DR 0
Cx. quinq. Vero Beach, FL F7 7 dp: IR 0, DR 0 14 dpi IR 0, DR 0
Kenney et al., 2017 [56] Cx quinq. Florida 1988 Lab colony MR 766 Monkey Uganda, 1947 E African BM: 106 PFU 14 dpi IR 1, DR 0 Minimal infection, but no dissemination. IT inoculation to bypass midgut: moderate infection but no transmission except by Ae.aegypti
IT: 106.7 PFU 7 dpi IR 70, TR 0
PRV ABC59 Human, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian BM: 107.1 PFU 14 dpi IR 0, T 0
IT: 106 PFU 7 dpi IR 15, TR 0
R103451 Human, Honduras 2016 Asian BM: 107.6 PFU 14 dpi IR 0, TR 0
Cx pipiens Chicago 2010 Lab colony MR 766 Monkey, Uganda 1947 E African BM: 106 PFU 14 dpi IR 5, DR 0
PRV ABC59 Human, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian BM: 106 PFU 14 dpi IR 10, DR 0
IT: 106 PFU 7 dpi IR 61, TR 0
Ae aegypti Poza Rica, Mexico Lab colony PRV ABC59 Human, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian IT: 106 PFU IR 100, TR 67
Ledermann et al., 2014 [12] Ae. (Stegomyia) hensilli Yap Island, Micronesia F12- F15 MR 766 Monkey, Uganda, 1947 E African BM, 104.9 PFU 8 dpi IR 86 DR 20 TR nd Ae. hensilli exhibited high infection and moderate dissemination rates.
Li et al., 2012 [117] Ae. aegypti Singapore Field MR 766 Monkey, Uganda, 1947 E African BM 107 TCID50, 1–14 dpi (14 dpi shown) IR 100, DR 100, TF 100 Ae aegypti highly competent.
Richard et al., 2016 [15] Ae. aegypti Tahiti 2014 F16-F18 PF13/251013–18 Human, French Polynesia, 2013 Asian Blood meal, 107 TCID50 2–21 dpi (14 dpi shown) IR 85, DR 85, TR 36 Polynesian Ae. aegypti highly competent.
Ae. polynesiensis showed moderate infection and dissemination but no transmission
Ae. polynesiensis Tahiti 2014 F16-F18 IR 36, DR 18 TR 0
Roundy et al. 2017 [52] Ae. aegypti Salvador, Brazil F2 DAK AR
41525		 Senegal W African BM/murine 10 4-6 FFU/mL
4–14 dpi (results shown for 14 dpi 10 6 /mL)		 BM: IR 100 TR 100 Transmission highest for Senegal strain.
Blood meals from viremic mice were more infectious than artificial blood meals of comparable doses.
FSS 13025 Cambodia Asian BM: IR 75 TR 0 Murine: IR 100 TR 40
MEX1-7 Mexico 2015 Asian BM: IR 75 TR 0
Ae. aegypti Dominican Republic, Caribbean F6 DAKAR 41525 Senegal W African BM: IR 100 TR 100
FSS 13025 Cambodia Asian BM: IR 100 TR 18
MEX1–7 Mexico 2015 Asian BM: IR 90 TR 20
Ae. aegypti RioGrande Valley, Texas, US F4 DAKAR 41525 Senegal W African BM: IR 100 TR 30
FSS 13025 Cambodia Asian BM: IR 40 TR 0
MEX1–7 Mexico 2015 Asian BM: IR 65 TR 0
Weger- Lucarelli et al., 2016 [62] Ae. aegypti Poza Rica, MX F11-13 PRV ABC59 Human, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian BM, Fresh 106.3 PFU 14 dpi IR 95, DR 92, TR 70 ZIKV efficiently transmitted by Ae.aegypti from Mexico.
Compared to frozen preparations, blood meals containing fresh virus resulted in higher infection and dissemination rates especially at early dpi.
Fresh virus did not infect the three Culex species.
BM, Frozen 4 hr 107.2 PFU 14 dpi IR 95, DR 80, TR 65
BM, Frozen 1 wk 107.2 PFU 14 dpi IR 60, DR 40, TR 22
DAKAR 41525 AE Africanus, Senegal, 1984 W African BM, Frozen 107.2 PFU 14 dpi IR 75, DR 60, TR 55
PRV ABC59 Human serum, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian IR 60, DR 40, TR 25
MR 766 Monkey, Uganda, 1947 E African IR 58, DR 40, TR 37
Cx. quinq. Florida1988 Lab colony PRV ABC59 Human serum, Puerto Rico, 2015 Asian BM, Fresh 106.7 PFU 14 dpi IR 0
Cx pipiens Pennsylvania 2002 Lab colony IR 0
Cx. tarsalis California 1953 Lab colony IR 0
Ae. aegypti Poza Rica, MX F11-13 IR 96
Wong et al., 2013 [118] Ae. albopictus Singapore Field MR 766 Monkey, Uganda, 1947 E African BM, fresh 107.5 TCID50, 10 dpi IR 83, DR 100, TR 100 Ae. albopictus highly competent.

Abbreviations: Ae., Aedes; An., Anopheles; BM, mosquitoes fed by artificial blood meal; Cx., Culex; Cx. quinq, Cx. quinquefasciatus; d or dpi, day post-infection; DR, dissemination rate, percentage of engorged females with virus in legs, head, and/or salivary glands; ID50, 50% infectious dose; IR, infection rate, percentage infected at 14 dpi unless otherwise stated; IT, intrathoracic inoculation; nd, not done; NIH, National Institute of Health; SR, salivary rate; TR, transmission rate, percentage of engorged females with virus in saliva at 14 dpi unless otherwise noted; murine: mosquitoes infected by feeding on an infected mouse; BM: mosquitoes fed on artificial blood meal; blood meal titers expressed as PFU (plaque forming unit), FFU (fluorescence focus units), TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose), ID50 (50% infectious dose), per mL; temperature (°C): extrinsic incubation temperature.

aData in Table 1 is the best estimate of IR, DR, TR determined as proportion of all engorged females in the experiment, but because raw data was not available, slight differences from the actual results may be present.