Table 2.
Reduced functional connectivity in patients before BTX treatment versus healthy controls (Pre‐BTX vs. HCs)
| Seed ROIs (AAL‐atlas) | Targets | Functional areas | Peak MNI coordinate (x y z) | Cluster size (voxel) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caudate L | Postcentral, precentral, and superior frontal gyrus L | Primary somatosensory, premotor, and supplementary motor cortex (BA 3, 6) | −60 −14 +50 | 193 | .0190 |
| Superior parietal lobule R | Parietal association cortex (BA 7) | +14 −62 +54 | 156 | .0472 | |
| Superior and middle occipital lobe L | Primary, secondary and associative visual cortex (BA 17, 18, 19) | −18 −76 +06 | 310 | .0014 | |
| Inferior occipital and temporal lobe, fusiform gyrus R | B 37 | +36 −60 −04 | 195 | .0181 | |
| Superior and middle occipital and parietal lobe R | Parietal association cortex (BA 7) | +32 −68 +30 | 154 | .0497 | |
| Precentral, postcentral and superior frontal lobe R | Primary somatosensory, primary motor, premotor, and supplementary motor cortex (BA 3, 4, 6) | +32 −22 +54 | 445 | .0001 | |
| Caudate R | Superior Occipital cortex and superior parietal lobule R | Parietal association cortex and associative visual cortex (BA 7, 19) | +26 −72 +40 | 306 | .0017 |
| Putamen L | Inferior temporal lobe, fusiform gyrus R | BA 37 | +44 −58 −08 | 435 | .0001 |
| Superior temporal lobe, insula and supramarginal gyrus R | Insula, auditory, and parietal association cortex (BA 13, 40–42) | +50 −34 +18 | 584 | .0000 | |
| Middle and ventral anterior cingulate cortex R | BA 24 | +16 −12 +40 | 147 | .0424 | |
| Cingulate gyrus, anterior part R | Postcentral and precentral gyrus R | Primary motor and somatosensory cortex (BA 3, 4) | +12 −38 +70 | 171 | .0374 |
| Postcentral, supramarginal and superior temporal gyrus L | Primary somatosensory, auditory and insular cortex, and parietal association cortex (BA 2, 3, 13, 40–43) | −62 −20 +10 | 795 | .0000 | |
| Cingulate gyrus, mid part L | Supramarginal gyrus L | Parietal association cortex (BA 40) | −54 −44 +28 | 357 | .0012 |
| Cingulate gyrus, mid part R | Insula, Heschl Gyrus, and Rolandic operculum L | Insular and auditory cortex (BA13, 41) | −40 −28 +10 | 239 | .0092 |
| Cingulate gyrus, posterior part L | Precentral and postcentral gyrus R | Primary somatosensory and motor, premotor and supplementary motor cortex (BA 3, 4, 6) | +34 −14 +66 | 665 | .0000 |
| Insula R | Planum temporale, Heschl gyrus, and insula | Auditory and insular cortex (BA 13, 41) | −44 −34 +12 | 180 | .0385 |
| Postcentral gyrus L | Inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal and angular gyrus L | Parietal association cortex (BA 39, 40, 7) | −50 −56 +44 | 505 | .0001 |
| Postcentral gyrus R | Cerebellum Crus 1 and 2, Cerebellum 6 R | +26 −62 −28 | 502 | .0001 | |
| Superior and inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus L | Parietal association cortex (BA 7, 39, 40) | −44 −62 +44 | 684 | .0000 | |
| Dorsal anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex R | BA 9, 32 | +12 + 36 + 24 | 239 | .0123 | |
| Premotor gyrus L | Angular and supramarginal gyrus L | Parietal association cortex (BA 39,40) | +36 −06 +64 | 505 | .0059 |
| Precentral and postcentral gyrus R | Primary somatosensory and motor, premotor and supplementary cortex (BA 1–4, 6) | +64 –16 + 42 | 235 | .0123 | |
| Premotor gyrus R | Postcentral and precentral gyrus R | Primary somatosensory and motor, premotor and supplementary cortex (BA 1–4, 6) | +64 −26 +44 | 325 | .0016 |
| Postcentral and supramarginal gyrus L | Primary somatosensory and parietal association cortex (BA 2, 40) | −48 −28 +30 | 246 | .0079 | |
| Cerebellum 6 R | Superior and inferior parietal lobule R | Parietal association cortex und parietal association cortex (BA 7, 40) | +34 −48 +58 | 307 | .0021 |
| Superior parietal lobule L | Somatosensory and parietal association cortex (BA 5, 7) | −28 −50 +60 | 169 | .0412 | |
| Inferior and middle occipital lobule L | Associative visual cortex (BA 19) | −40 −72 −10 | 183 | .0296 | |
| Cerebellum Crus 1 L | Cerebellum 8 L | −32 −42 −46 | 251 | .0130 | |
| Cerebellum Crus 2 R | Inferior and middle occipital lobule L | Secondary and associative visual cortex (BA 18, 19) | −52 −76 −10 | 268 | .0082 |
| Inferior and middle occipital lobule and inferior temporal, fusiform gyrus R | Secondary and associative visual cortex (BA 18, 19, 37) | +34 −96 −10 | 381 | .0011 | |
| Vermis | Paracentral lobule L | Somatosensory association and primary motor cortex (BA 4, 5) | −16 −38 +56 | 208 | .0154 |
Peak MNI coordinates of regions with reduced FC to a seed ROI (AAL‐atlas; p < .05, cluster p‐FWE‐corrected for multiple comparisons).
AAL, automated anatomic labeling; BA, Brodmann area; BTX, botulinum toxin; HC, healthy control; FWE, family‐wise error; L, left; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; pre‐BTX, before BTX treatment; R, right; ROI, region of interest; vs., versus.