Table 3.
Risk Factors for Rotavirus Infection and Disease in the MAL-ED Cohort
| Risk Factor | Rotavirus Infection | Rotavirus Diarrhea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR | (95% CI) | P Value | IRR | (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Female child | 0.944 | (.815–1.093) | .439 | 0.887 | (.712–1.105) | .285 |
| Weight at first month (kg) | 0.838a | (.714–.984) | .031 | 0.850 | (.668–1.081) | .185 |
| Presence of sibling | 0.954 | (.798–1.14) | .605 | 0.884 | (.677–1.153) | .362 |
| Any child death in the family | 0.906 | (.722–1.137) | .395 | 0.845 | (.597–1.195) | .34 |
| Maternal age (y) | 1.011 | (.997–1.026) | .117 | 1.012 | (.991–1.034) | .275 |
| Maternal education up to fifth grade | 0.97 | (.815–1.156) | .734 | 0.779 | (.597–1.017) | .066 |
| Maternal undernutrition (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) | 0.804 | (.624–1.036) | .092 | 0.787 | (.537–1.153) | .219 |
| Exclusively breastfed for <4 months | 0.810a | (.667–.983) | .033 | 0.893 | (.665–1.200) | .453 |
| Low socioeconomic status (<33rd centile of WAMI score) | 1.022 | (.842–1.24) | .827 | 1.227 | (.918–1.640) | .168 |
| Overcrowding in the family (>2 people per room) | 1.174 | (.983–1.403) | .077 | 1.401a | (1.072–1.830) | .014 |
| Child ever stunted during first year (LAZ < –2 SD at any time point during first year of life) |
0.932 | (.782–1.110) | .431 | 0.800 | (.614–1.043) | .099 |
| Child ever wasted during first year (WHZ < –2 SD at any time point during first year of life) |
0.979 | (.79–1.212) | .843 | 1.138 | (.826–1.566) | .429 |
| Child ever underweight during first year (WAZ < –2 SD at any time point during first year of life) |
0.931 | (.756–1.147) | .503 | 0.846 | (.620–1.154) | .291 |
| Average number of pathogens per stool sample | 1.512a | (1.277–1.792) | .0001 | 1.451a | (1.122–1.875) | .005 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; IRR, incidence rate ratio; LAZ, length-for-age z score; MAL-ED, Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development; SD, standard deviation; WAMI, access to improved water and sanitation, assets, maternal education, and household income; WAZ, weight-for-age z score; WHZ, weight-for-height z score.
aStatistically significant at P < .05 using a multilevel, country- and age-adjusted Poisson regression analysis.