Table 1.
Membrane | Synthesis Method | Target and Efficiency | Water Flux | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
PVDF | Electrospinning | NaCl (<280 ppm) | 5–28 Kg m−2 h−1 | [79] |
Aquaporin reconstituted | Vacuum suction and amine-catrchol adduct formation | NaCl (66.2%), MgCl2 (88.1%) | [81] | |
Zr-MOF | Solvothermal synthesis | Al3+ (99.3%), Mg2+ (98.0%), Ca2+ (86.3%) | 0.28 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [83] |
CNT-PcH | Electrospinning | NaCl (˃99.99%) | 24–29 L m−2 h−1 | [82] |
MCM41-PA-TFN | Interfacial polymerization | NaCl (97.9% ± 0.3%), Na2SO4 (98.5% ± 0.2%) | 46.6 ± 1.1 L m−2 h−1 | [68] |
GO-PA-TFN | Interfacial polymerization | NaCl (93.8% ± 0.6%), Na2SO4 (97.3% ± 0.3%) | 59.4 ± 0.4 L m−2 h−1 | [69] |
K+-controlled GO | Drop-casting | Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ (~100%) | 0.36 L m−2 h−1 | [84] |
Sigle-layer graphene | oxygen plasma etching | K+, Na+, Li+, Cl− (~100%) | 106 g m−2 s−1 | [20] |
Ti3C2Tx Mxene | Electrospinning | metal cations and dye cations (diameter ≥ 6 Å) | 37.4 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [80] |
GO | Impregnation | Salt cations (6–46%), Methylene blue (46–66%), Raodamine-WT (93–95%) | 27.6 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [85] |
GO@PAN | Vacuum suction | Na2SO4 (56.7%), Congo red | 8.2 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [86] |
rGO | hydriodic acid vapor, water-assisted delamination | Cu2+, Na+, orange 7 (~100%) | 12.0 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [87] |
GO-based | Shear-induced alignment | organic probe molecules (˃90%), salt cations (30–40%) | 71 ± 5 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [88] |
bicontinous cubic | Self-assembly | (83%), (59%), (33%), (81%) | 2.8–5.7 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [89] |
NPN | Track-etching | Au nanoparticles (˃80%) | [71] | |
Cellulose | Freeze-extraction technique | Nanoparticles with diameter ˃10 nm | 1.14 × 104 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [21] |
CNT | Chemical vapor deposition | CdS (80%), Au (100%), TiO2 (100%) nanoparticles | [91] | |
CNCs | Freeze-drying process | Victoria Blue 2B (98%), Methyl Violet 2B (84%), Rhodamine 6G (70%) | 6.4 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [16] |
VAMWNTs | Chemical vapor deposition | Lubricating oil | 1580 L m−2 h−1 | [92] |
Ag-APAN | Electroless plating, surface modification | 1,2-dibromoethane | [94] | |
CNs-SA | Thermal oxidation etching | Ethanol | 2469 g m−2 h−1 | [95] |
PAA-g-PVDF | Phase inversion | hexadecane, toluene, diesel (˃99.99%) | 15,500–23,200 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [57] |
PSF nanofibers | Electrospinning, interfacial polymerization | Soybean oil (~100%) | 5.5 m3 m−2 day | [96] |
uGNM | filtration-assisted assembly | 99.8% of methyl blue and 99.9% of direct red 81 | 21.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [34] |
GO | Vacuum suction | dimethyl carbonate (95.2%) | 1702 g m−2 h−1 | [97] |
GO | Pressurized ultrafiltration | Ethanol (~100%) | [98] | |
GO-TiO2 | Self-assembly | rhodamine B, acid orange 7, humic acid (˃90%) | 60 L m−2 h−1 | [99] |
MoS2 | Vacuum filtration | Evans blue (89%) | 245 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [100] |
WS2 | Vacuum filtration | Evans blue (˃90%) | 730 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [101] |
TiO2 nanowire | Hydrothermal synthesis, hot-press process | polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, HA, E. coli | [21] | |
rGO-CNT | Vacuum-assisted filtration | nanoparticles, dyes, BSA, sugars, and humic acid (˃99%) | 20–30 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [103] |
PMMA | Ultraviolet irradiation, acid rinsing | human rhinovirus type 14 (~100%) | [104] | |
MCCNs-PEI | Electrospinning | MS2 bacteriophage virus (99.99%), E. coli (99.9999%) | 85 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | [105] |
a PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride; Zr-MOF: zirconium(IV)-based metal-organic framework membrane; CNT-PcH: carbon nanotube incorporated polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene nanofiber membrane; MCM41-PA-TFN: MCM-41 silica nanoparticles enhanced polyamide thin-film nanocomposite membrane; GO: graphene oxide; GO-PA-TFN: graphene oxide enhanced polyamide thin-film nanocomposite membrane; PAN: polyacrylonitrile; rGO: reduced graphene oxide; NPN: nanoporous silicon nitride; CNT: carbon nanotube; CNCs: cellulose nanocrystals; VAMWNTs: vertically-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes; APAN: polyacrylonitrile; CNs-SA: g-C3N4 nanosheets incorporated into sodium alginate matrix; PAA-g-PVDF: poly(acrylic acid)-grafted PVDF; PSF: polysulfone; uGNM: ultrathin graphene nanofiltration membrane; PMMA: polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate); MCCNs: microcrystalline cellulose nanofibers; PEI: polyethylenimine.