Table 2.

Antimicrobial results of TDN and commercial TiO₂ NPs at different concentrations against different microorganisms.

Microorganism:	Escherichia coli		Staphylococcus aureus		Listeria innocua
TDN (µg/mL)	Cel. conc. (cfu/mL)	Log Reduction	Cel. conc. (cfu /mL)	Log Reduction	Cel. conc. (cfu /mL)	Log Reduction
0	(3.95 ± 0.16) × 105	0 a	(2.02 ± 0.12) × 105	0 a	(5.93 ± 0.38) × 105	0 a
100	(5.36 ± 0.29) × 104	0.87 ± 0.02 b	(3.14 ± 0.34) × 104	0.81 ± 0.04 b	(1.01 ± 0.63) × 105	0.84 ± 0.26 b
150	(8.67 ± 0.47) × 102	2.66 ± 0.03 e	(1.27 ± 0.28) × 104	1.21 ± 0.08 c	(4.46 ± 0.25) × 104	1.12 ± 0.02 c
200	0	5.59 g	(1.32 ± 0.22) × 103	2.19 ± 0.06 d	(4.20 ± 0.27) × 104	1.15 ± 0.02 c,d
400	0	5.59 g	(5.33 ± 0.23) × 102	2.58 ± 0.02 e	(5.05 ± 0.07) × 103	2.07 ± 0.01 f
TiO2 NPs (µg/mL)	Cel. conc. (cfu /mL)	Log Reduction	Cel. conc. (cfu /mL)	Log Reduction	Cel. conc. (cfu /mL)	Log Reduction
0	(4.58 ± 1.52) × 105	0 a	(1.98 ± 0.29) × 105	0 a	(3.57 ± 0.48) × 105	0 a
100	(5.42 ± 0.45) × 103	1.93 ± 0.04 c	(2.75 ± 0.19) × 102	2.86 ± 0.02 f	(1.42 ± 0.21) × 104	1.40 ± 0.05 e
150	(2.77 ± 0.48) × 103	2.22 ± 0.08 d	(1.67 ± 0.89) × 102	3.12 ± 0.21 g	(1.63 ± 0.65) × 104	1.37 ± 0.15 d,e
200	(5.17 ± 0.88) × 102	2.95 ± 0.07 f	0	5.36 h	(1.03 ± 0.12) × 103	2.54 ± 0.04 g
400	0	5.66 g	0	5.36 h	(7.17 ± 0.95) × 102	2.69 ± 0.05 g

^a–h Means values within a column with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).