Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants ≥18 Years of Age Initiating First-Line ARTa by History of ARV Use and PDR Detected by OLAb
| Variables c | Total (n = 951) | ARV naive (n = 815) | ARV exposed (n = 136) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
No PDR
(n = 857, 90%) |
PDR
(n = 94, 10%) |
No PDR
(n = 738, 91%) |
PDR
(n = 77, 9%) |
No PDR
(n = 119, 88%) |
PDR
(n = 17, 12%) |
|
| ARV-exposure status | ||||||
| ARV naive | 738 (90.6%) | 77 (9.4%) | – | – | – | – |
| ARV exposed | 119 (87.5%) | 17(12.5%) | ||||
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age in years | 38 (32, 46) | 34 (29, 42) | 39 (32, 47) | 35 (30, 44) | 34 (30, 40) | 32 (27, 36) |
| 18–24 | 40 (83.3%) | 8 (16.7%) | 32 (82.1%) | 7 (17.9%) | 8 (88.9%) | 1 (11.1%) |
| 25–34 | 269 (87.1%) | 40 (12.9%) | 217 (87.9%) | 30 (12.1%) | 52 (83.9%) | 10 (16.1%) |
| 35–49 | 410 (92.6%) | 33 (7.5%) | 359 (93.0%) | 27 (7.0%) | 51 (89.5%) | 6 (10.5%) |
| 50+ | 138 (91.4%) | 13 (8.6%) | 130 (90.9%) | 13 (9.1%) | 8 (100%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Female | 551 (88.6%) | 71 (11.4%) | 444 (89.0%) | 55 (11.0%) | 107 (87.0%) | 16 (13.0%) |
| Male | 306 (93.0%) | 23 (7.0%) | 294 (93.0%) | 22 (7.0%) | 12 (92.3%) | 1 (7.7%) |
| Location | ||||||
| Study Site | ||||||
| Ngong Rd Clinic in Nairobi, | 594 (91.1%) | 58 (8.9%) | 526 (91.8%) | 47 (8.2%) | 68 (86.1%) | 11 (13.9%) |
| Industrial Area Clinic in Nairobi | 76 (87.4%) | 11 (12.6%) | 62 (84.9%) | 11 (15.1%) | 14 (100%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Maseno Clinic in rural Nyanza | 187 (88.2%) | 25 (11.8%) | 150 (88.8%) | 19 (11.2%) | 37 (86.1%) | 6 (14.0%) |
| Socioeconomic | ||||||
| Married/steady partner | 521 (60.8%) | 59 (62.8%) | 442 (59.9%) | 46 (59.7%) | 79 (66.4%) | 13 (76.5%) |
| Education in years | 11 (8, 13) | 10 (8, 12) | 11 (8, 13) | 10 (8, 12) | 12 (8, 14) | 11 (8, 15) |
| Unemployed | 157 (18.3%) | 27 (28.7%) | 130 (17.6%) | 19 (24.7%) | 27 (22.7%) | 8 (47.1%) |
| Monthly rent in US$d | 22 (0, 66) | 22 (0, 66) | 28 (0, 66) | 22 (0, 66) | 22 (0, 66) | 28 (0, 56) |
| Flush toiletd | 404 (47.2%) | 41 (43.6%) | 352 (47.8%) | 33 (42.9%) | 52 (43.7%) | 8 (47.1%) |
| Persons living in house | 4 (2, 5) | 4 (3, 5) | 3 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 5) | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (4, 5) |
| Access to care | ||||||
| Cost of travel ≥US$2d | 402 (47.6%) | 45 (48.9%) | 336 (46.3%) | 36 (47.4%) | 66 (55.9%) | 9 (56.3%) |
| Travel time to clinic in hrs | 1 (0.5, 2) | 1 (0.5, 1.5) | 1 (0.5, 2) | 1 (0.5, 1.5) | 1 (0.5, 2) | 1 (1, 2) |
| Sexual risk behavior | ||||||
| Age of sexual debut in yearsd | 18 (16, 20) | 18 (16, 20) | 18 (16, 20) | 18 (16, 20) | 18 (16, 20) | 17 (15, 18) |
| Lifetime sexual partnersd | 3 (2, 5) | 4 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 5) | 4 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 5) | 4 (2, 5) |
| Ever exchange money for sex | 46 (5.4%) | 4 (4.3%) | 42 (5.7%) | 3 (3.9%) | 4 (3.4%) | 1 (5.9%) |
| Sexual risk in 18–24-year-old girls | n = 31 (3.7%) | n = 7 (8.6%) | n = 23 (2.9%) | n = 6 (8.4%) | n = 8 (7.1%) | n = 1 (4.6%) |
| Age of sexual debut in yearsd | 18 (15, 19) | 18 (15, 19) | 17 (15, 19) | 18 (15, 19) | 19 (18, 20) | 15 |
| Lifetime sexual partnersd | 2 (1, 3) | 1 (1, 4) | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 4) | 2 (1, 3) | 1 |
| Ever exchange money for sex | 1 (3.0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| Median CD4 cells/uLd | 230 (116, 311) | 224 (73, 296) | 211 (103, 306) | 155 (69, 270) | 277 (227, 332) | 308 (257, 400) |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; ARV, antiretroviral; PDR, pretreatment drug resistance; OLA, oligonucleotide ligation assay.
aFirst-line ART indicates nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral treatment.
bOligonucleotide ligation assay is a point mutation test designed to detect K103N, Y181C, M184V, G190A, and K65R.
cFor continuous variables, the median (interquartile range) are presented. For ARV-exposure status, age category, gender, and study site, the n (%) with and without PDR is shown. For other categorical variables, the n (%) within that category is shown.
dData are complete for all variables except the following: Monthly rent (n = 927, 834 PDR−, 93 PDR+); Type of toilet (n = 950, 856 PDR−, 94 PDR+); Cost of travel ≥$2.00 (n = 936, 844 PDR−, 92 PDR+); Age of sexual debut (n = 891, 803 PDR−, 88 PDR+); Lifetime sexual partners (n = 893, 807 PDR−, 86 PDR+); CD4 count (n = 948, 855 PDR−, 93 PDR+).