Figure 4.

Analysis of the polymorphism of a portion of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene spanning the L1014F/S mutation. A, Distribution of the genotypes at the 1014 codon position. B, Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of VGSC fragment with previously recorded 1014F/S haplotypes across Africa [21]. C, Templeton-Crandall-Singh network for the VGSC haplotypes between susceptible and resistant permethrin samples in Kinshasa. Haplotypes are represented as an oval or a rectangle, scaled to reflect their frequencies. Lines connecting haplotypes and each node represent a single mutation event (respective polymorphic positions are given above branches). D, Sequencing traces showing the polymorphic positions 91 and 92 generating the third 1014S haplotype newly detected in Congo and suggesting an independent occurrence of 1014S.