Figure 4.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) agonism reduces inflammatory cytokine gene expression in a human monocyte cell-line exposed to Bordetella pertussis. THP-1 cells were challenged with B. pertussis followed by either vehicle control or S1PR agonist AAL-R. RNA was isolated from cells 6 hours after infection and transcriptional levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α (A), interferon (IFN) α4 (B), or IFN-β (C) were assessed. Results are presented as means with SDs. *P < .05; ^†P < .001.