Table 3.

Overview of reviews and meta-analyses evaluating the effectiveness of interventions based on MI in long-term conditions and health-related behaviours

Authors	Aim/objective	Study design	Studies included	Outcome
Thompson et al. (2011) [39]	To review evidence on MI in relation to cardiovascular health	Systematic review	13 studies: 5 primary source papers (RCTs, quasi, case–control) and 8 secondary studies (meta-analyses, systematic and literature reviews)	MI was useful to help nurses improve health behaviour in people with coronary risk factors
Hill and Kavookjian (2012) [41]	To examine the MI intervention literature regarding outcomes in improving HAART adherence in patients with HIV	Systematic review	Five RCTs	MI appeared to be a promising intervention based on results from three studies where medication adherence increased as a result of MI. Great variability in measuring adherence limited conclusions
Greaves et al. (2011) [37]	To review evidence on interventions promoting dietary and/or physical activity change in producing weight and behaviour changes in adults with a risk of developing type 2 diabetes	Systematic review of reviews	30 systematic reviews (10 on physical activity interventions, 3 on dietary interventions and 17 on both)	Increased effectiveness of interventions was associated with the use of social support, established behaviour change techniques, contact frequency and self-regulatory techniques (e.g. goal-setting, self-monitoring)
Burke et al. (2003) [43]	To conduct a meta-analytic examination of the MI literature	Meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials investigating AMIs in treating problem behaviours (e.g. substance abuse, diet and exercise)	30 controlled clinical trials: 15 examining AMIs for alcohol problems, 2 for smoking cessation, 5 for drug addiction, 2 for HIV-risk behaviours, 4 for diet and exercise, 1 for treatment adherence and 1 for eating disorders	AMIs were not effective in smoking cessation and HIV-risk behaviours. AMIs were moderately effective for diet and exercise and alcohol and drug problems. AMIs were equivalent to other active treatments but more time effective
Rubak et al. (2005) [42]	To evaluate the effectiveness of MI in different disease areas and to identify outcome factors	Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs using MI as the intervention	72 RCTs	MI outperformed traditional provision of advice in the treatment of problem areas and behaviours in a range of diseases

AMI: adaptation of MI; HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy; MI: motivational interviewing; RCT: randomized controlled trial.