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(a), (b), and (c) Normalized transmission amplitude for the toroidal metamaterials with three different gap distances g=7 μm, 5 μm, and 3 μm, respectively.(d) Local near-field map of the E-field enhancement at the gaps at the toroidal mode frequency. (e) Surface current plot for the current across the structure and formation of toroidal mode. (f) A cross-sectional yz-plane of the resonators, showing the head-to-tail magnetic moments forming the toroidal moment in a vectorial map.
