Fig. 1.

Difference in gene expression according to sex, mange, social rank, and age in wolf blood. (A–D) Black dots represent genes for which expression is significantly associated with a variable, whereas gray dots illustrate nonsignificant genes. The significance threshold (Q value = 0.2) is delimited by the horizontal line y = −log₁₀(0.2). FD is expression of females relative to males (A), mange-affected wolves relative to nonaffected individuals (B), alpha wolves relative to subordinates (C), and difference per year of age (D) for 13,558 genes expressed in wolf whole blood. (D) Vertical lines depict the thresholds used in the TOA (table 3).