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. 2018 Mar 15;435(2):130–137. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.016

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Embryonic curvature of the caudal region is enhanced inGrhl3null embryos. (A-D) Spinal neurulation is complete in wild-type embryos at E10.5 (A, C), whereas the PNP of Grhl3-/- embryos remains persistently open (B, D; red arrowhead indicates rostral limit of PNP). The caudal region of Grhl3-/- embryos appears excessively curved (compare C, D). (E, F) Transverse sections in E-F through the open PNP region of embryos at E10.5; the PNP is open in both wild-type and Grhl3-/- embryos. Hindgut is indicated by dashed lines. (G) At E10.5 (stage-matched at 25–29 somites), the angle of ventral curvature, ‘3’, was determined between line 1, drawn tangential to the ventral edge of the penultimate somite and line 2, drawn along the midline of the tail bud, parallel to and equidistant from the ventral and dorsal surfaces. The mean (±SEM) angle of curvature of the caudal region of Grhl3-/- embryos (n= 4) is significantly greater than among wild-type (n = 8) and heterozygous (n = 12) littermates (* p<0.001, One Way ANOVA). Mean±SEM is shown for each genotype. Scale bar = 1 mm (A-B), 0.5 mm (C-D) or 0.1 mm (E-F).