Table 4. Literature review of study piscivore gape-limits and maximum ingested prey size estimates.
| Predator taxon | Prey taxon | Study Type | Estimate Type | % Body Length | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crappie | All Prey | Field survey | 90th %tile value | 32% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Crappie | All Prey | Field survey | Max. value | 50% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Largemouth Bass | All Prey | Field survey | Max. model | 30–35% | Goldstein [58] |
| Largemouth Bass | All Prey | Field survey | 90th %tile value | 33% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Largemouth Bass | All Prey | Field survey | Max. value | 71% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Largemouth Bass | Bluegill | Gape-limit | Max. model | 34–35% | Lawrence [56] |
| Largemouth Bass | Gizzard Shad | Gape-limit | Max. model | 34–49% | Lawrence [56] |
| Largemouth Bass | Largemouth Bass | Gape-limit | Max. model | 44–58% | Lawrence [56]c |
| Muskellunge | All prey | Field survey | Max. value | 47% | Bozek, Burri [24]a |
| Muskellunge | Bluegill | Field survey | Max. model | 13–20% | Wahl and Stein [45] |
| Muskellunge | Gizzard Shad | Field survey | Max. model | 12–28% | Wahl and Stein [45]b |
| Northern Pike | All Prey | Field survey | 90th %tile value | 28% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Northern Pike | All Prey | Field survey | Max. value | 50% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Northern Pike | Bluegill | Field survey | Max. model | 20–23% | Wahl and Stein [45] |
| Northern Pike | Gizzard Shad | Field survey | Max. model | 40–42% | Wahl and Stein [45] |
| Smallmouth Bass | All Prey | Field survey | 90th %tile value | 35% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Smallmouth Bass | All Prey | Field survey | Max. value | 78% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Smallmouth Bass | Cottidae | Field survey | Max. model | 38–53% | Zimmerman [14] |
| Smallmouth Bass | Cyprinidae | Field survey | Max. model | 51–61% | Zimmerman [14]d |
| Smallmouth Bass | Salmonidae | Field survey | Max. model | 32–51% | Zimmerman [14] |
| Walleye | All Prey | Field survey | Max. model | 37–43% | Parsons [59] |
| Walleye | All Prey | Field survey | Max. model | 24–51% | Knight, Margraf [60] |
| Walleye | All Prey | Field survey | 90th %tile value | 32% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Walleye | All Prey | Field survey | Max. value | 56% | Pierce, Sexton [57] |
| Walleye | Cyprinidae | Field survey | Max. model | 27–36% | Zimmerman [14] |
Studies are classified as either field surveys or studies measuring predator gape (i.e., gape-limit). The estimate is classified as a continuous maximum model (max. model), a single maximum value (i.e, 100th percentile; max. value), or a 90th percentile value (90th %-tile).
a—d correspond to literature derived estimates shown in Fig 2.