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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2017 Sep 15;128:3–28. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.013

Fig 1.

Fig 1

Drug carrier-free micro-reservoir systems for controlled drug delivery in passive mode (A) and active mode (B and C). (A) Schematic illustration of pore-filling functionalization via in situ photopolymerization during different stages including (a) filling and equilibration of the membrane, (b) during equilibration with reaction mixtures, (c) during UV initiated in situ crosslinking polymerization, and (d) after complete reaction toward hydrogel pore-filled composite membrane. Adapt from Adrus et al. [52]. Copyright RSC 2012. (B) Schematic illustration of two stages of actively controlled drug delivery using a piston: drug inside the electronic capsule (B-1) and drug being released (B-2). Adapted from Zhuang et al. [60]. Copyright Elsevier 2011. (C) Conceptual diagram and frequency-sensitive working principle of the Radio-frequency (RF) powered and implantable chip for local drug delivery operated using tuned RF electromagnetic fields. Adapted from Fong et al. [63]. Copyright RSC 2014.