Table 1. Summary of different drug carriers integrated into microfluidic platforms.

Drug Carrier Type		Main Material	Size		Synthetic Method	Drug	Target/Application	Ref.
Microcapsules		P(NIPAM-co-AAPBA-co-AAc)	ID ∼240 μm; OD ∼360 μm		Microfluidic double emulsion	Rhodamine B; insulin	Glucose-responsive controlled release	[99]
		PAA-b-PMMA	OD ∼120-150 μm		Microfluidic double emulsion	--	pH-responsive controlled release	[100]
		PDM	ID ∼294 μm; OD ∼402 μm		Microfluidic double emulsion	--	pH-responsive controlled release	[101]
		Alginate; chitosan	OD 472-740 μm		Electrostatic microfluidic droplets	Ampicillin; diclofenac	pH-responsive controlled release; Dual-drug carriers	[102]
		Ca-alginate	OD 60-105 μm		gradient-microfluidic droplets	BSA	Pharmaceutical area; Therapeutic proteins	[103]
		Ca-alginate	ID ∼383 μm; OD ∼467 μm		Microfluidic double emulsion	BSA	Pharmaceutical area; Therapeutic proteins	[104]
		PVA, PCL, PEG	OD 23-47 μm		Microfluidic double emulsion	BSA	Pharmaceutical area; Therapeutic proteins	[105]
		PAH, PSS, FITC	OD 50-80 μm		Microfluidic droplet merging and droplet storage functions	MnCO3	Drug effects on specific cells	[106]
Nanoemulsions		Six dietary lipids (corn oil, canola oil, olive oil, palm oil, coconut oil, MCTs)	∼160-180 nm		Micro-fluidization	BC	Caco-2 cells	[133]
		Labrafil M, Tween 80, ethanol	∼30-50 nm		Spontaneous emulsification	AB	Heart	[134]
		Soybean oil, PEGylated lipids, oleic acid-coated FeO, Cy7	50 nm		Immediate evaporation	PAV	Kidney, liver	[138]
		PFPE		180 nm	Self-assembly and high energy emulsification	Celecoxib	FSDCs	[139]
		PAM		20-32 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	Ketoprofen	Gastro intestinal tract	[140]
NPs	Lipid NPs	POPC, cholesterol, triglyceride triolein		20-50 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	Doxorubicin	Pharmaceutical area	[132]
		DLinKC2-DMA, phospholipid, cholesterol, PEG		∼80 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	siRNA	Therapeutic siRNA	[152]
	Polymer NPs	Chitosan		75-122 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	Paclitaxel	Anticancer drug	[155]
		Chitosan		∼73-216 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	Paclitaxel	Anticancer drug	[156]
		Chitosan		200-300 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	Clindamycin phosphate; tretinoin	Transdermal multidrug delivery	[157]
		PLGA-PEG		25-200 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	Docetaxel	Drug discovery and clinical translation	[175]
		Ag@CD NPs		20-60 nm	Conventional method	Dihydro-artemisinin	Monitoring of drug effect on cancer cells	[177]
		Carboxymethyl chitosan, PAMAM dendrimer		∼50 nm	Conventional method	--	Monitoring of drug effect on cancer cells	[178]
	Nano-sized polymeric conjugates	FA, RA		130 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	Heparin	KB and A549 cells	[169]
		PEG, PCL, PEI		179 ± 11 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	siRNA	SKOV3 cells	[171]
	Hybrid NPs	PLGA, cholesterol		∼103-106 nm	Rapid microfluidic mixing	Doxorubicin; combretastatin A4	Anticancer drug	[174]

Note, chemical structures and formulas of small molecular drugs are shown in supplementary Table S2.