Table 2. Summary of controlled drug delivery using different MNs.
| Devices | Device Features | Fabrication materials | Drugs | Delivery routes | Applications | Study types | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMNs | - Simple and low-cost processing - A large variety of materials for the fabrication |
Stainless steel | Verapamil & Amlodipine | Pig skin/Transcutaneous | Anti-hypersensitive | In-vitro | [195] |
| MN roller | Tiagabine & Carbamazepine | Pig skin/Transdermal | Anti-epileptic | In-vitro | [196] | ||
| Dermaroller | Ovalbumin Ag | Mouse skin/Transcutaneous | Immunization | In-vitro/In-vivo | [197] | ||
| Silicon | HBsAg | Pig skin/Rat abdomen Transcutaneous | Immunization | In-vitro/In-vivo | [198] | ||
| PVP | Influenza vaccine/PR8 | Mice/Swine/Cutaneous | Vaccination | In-vivo | [199] | ||
| Silicon | Peptides | Pig ear skin Transdermal | Delivery of Therapeutic peptides | In-vitro | [200] | ||
| Silicon | (Gapdh) siRNA | Mouse ear skin | Gene expression | In-vivo | [202] | ||
| -- | Naltrexone with diclofenac | Pig skin | Opioid antagonist/Enhance pore lifetime | In-vitro/In-vivo | [203] | ||
| PMNs | -Delivery of dry and liquid drug formation -Continuous drug delivery -Flexible and multi-functional TDD systems |
Titanium | Insulin | Rat skin/Transdermal | Insulin therapy | In-vivo | [209] |
| Calcium sulfate & gelatin | Insulin | Rat skin/Transdermal | Insulin therapy | In-vivo | [206] | ||
| Gelatin & hydroxyapatite | Insulin | Rat skin/Transdermal | Insulin therapy | In-vivo | [211] | ||
| Ceramics | OVApeptides | Rat & Human skin | Vaccination | In-vivo/Ex-vivo | [212] | ||
| Al2O3 Ceramics | DC-SIGN | Human skin/Intradermal | Vaccination | Ex-vivo | [213] | ||
| Poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate | Lidocaine | Rat skin | Analgesic | In-vitro | [214] | ||
| HMNs | -Direct delivery of liquid drug formulation -Continuous delivery of drugs -Unlimited dose of drugs -Can be used for tissue |
Silica capillaries | IPV | Human & Rat skin/Intradermal | Vaccination | Ex-vivo/In-vivo | [215] |
| - | - | Pig skin/Intradermal | Vaccination | In-vivo | [218] | ||
| Stainless steel | Insulin | Rat skin | Insulin therapy | In-vivo | [221] | ||
| Polyimide coated fused-silica | IPV | Rat skin/Intradermal | Vaccination | In-vivo | [223] [224] | ||
| Borosilicate | Sulfo-rhodamine B | Rabbit, pig & human eye | Eye treatment (proof of concept) | Ex-vivo | [225] | ||
| Metal MN | Polystyrene particle | Rabbit eye | Eye treatment (proof of concept) | In-vivo | [226] | ||
| Modified NanoFil needle | Phenylephrine | Perianal skin/rat | Fecal incontinence | In-vivo | [227] | ||
| - | Lispro insulin | Human/Subcutaneous | Treatment of diabetes | In-vivo | [228] | ||
| Acrylic | Insulin | Pig skin | Insulin therapy | In-vivo | [229] | ||
| CMNs | - Higher immune response -Rapid release of the drugs |
Stainless steel | Lidocaine | Pig skin | Analgesic | In-vitro | [230] |
| Titanium | Rhodamine B | Rabbit cornea | Eye treatment (proof of concept) | Ex-vivo | [231] | ||
| Silicon | Adenovirus | Mouse skin/Transcutaneous | Vaccination | In-vivo | [232] | ||
| Stainless steel | 5-fluororacil, curcumin and cisplatin | Pig skin/Transdermal | Anti-cancer | In-vitro | [233] | ||
| Stainless steel | Plasmid DNA | Human skin | Skin disease & immunization | Ex-vivo | [234] | ||
| Steel | siRNA | Mouse footpad | Gene silencing | In-vivo | [235] | ||
| Stainless steel | Doxorubicin | Pig buccal tissues | Anti-cancer | In-vitro | [236] | ||
| Stainless steel | Asparginase | Pig & Human skin/Intraepidermal | Vaccination | Ex-vivo/In-vitro | [237] | ||
| Stainless steel | Influenza virus | Mice skin | Vaccination | In-vivo | [238] | ||
| Stainless steel | H1N1 | Mice skin | Vaccination | In-vivo | [239] | ||
| Stainless steel | HIV antigen | Rabbit lip & tongue | Vaccination | In-vivo | [240] | ||
| - | Bevacizumab | Rabbit/Intracorneal | Neo-vascularization | In-vivo | [241] | ||
| Silicon | Sunitinib malate | Mice/Intracorneal | Angiogenesis | In-vivo | [242] | ||
| Polymer | Lidocaine | Swine/Intramuscular | Analgesia | In-vivo | [243] | ||
| Pyridine-modified Silicon MNs | IPV | Human skin/Dermal Rat | Vaccination | Ex-vivo/In-vivo | [244] | ||
| Titanium | PR8 influenza | Mice skin | Vaccination | In-vitro/In-vivo | [245] | ||
| DMNs | -No bio-hazardous sharp wastes -Fabrication from bio-compatible and bio-degradable materials |
Hyaluronan | IgG | Human skin | Immunization | Ex-vivo | [246] |
| PPF | Dacarbazine | - | Skin cancer | In-vitro | [247] | ||
| Poloxamer | Methotrexate | Pig & human skin/Transdermal | Solid tumor | In-vitro | [248] | ||
| Silk fibrion/PVA | Insulin | Mice skin | Insulin therapy | In-vivo | [249] | ||
| PMVE/MA | Insulin | Pig skin | Insulin therapy | In-vivo | [250] | ||
| Polymeric hydrogel | Lidocaine | Pig skin | Analgesia | Ex-vivo | [251] | ||
| Poly-caprolactone | Doxorubicin | Porcine skin & Rat skin | Anti-cancer | In-vitro/In-vivo | [252] | ||
| Silk/PAA | Ovalbumin | Mice/Transcutaneous | Immunization | In-vivo | [253] | ||
| Sodium hyaluronate | EV71 | Mice skin | Vaccination | In-vivo | [272] | ||
| Poly-vinylpyrrolidone | OVA Ag | Mice skin | Vaccination | In-vivo | [254] | ||
| - | Influenza vaccine | Mice skin | Vaccination | In-vivo | [255] | ||
| PLGA/PLL | Ebola DNA vaccine | Mice skin | Vaccination | In-vivo | [256] | ||
| Polylactic acid | Sulfo-rhodamine B | Mice skin | Proof-of-concept | In-vivo | [257] |
Note, chemical structures and formulas of small molecular drugs are shown in supplementary Table S2.