Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Population by Self-reported Heart Failure Status From the 2005 to 2006 and 2009 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveya.
| Characteristics | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Participants Without Heart Failure | Participants With Heart Failure | |
| Age group, y | |||
| 70-74 | 36.8 (33.4-40.3) | 37.7 (34.0-41.5) | 28.7 (20.1-39.1) |
| 75-79 | 26.4 (24.1-28.9) | 26.9 (24.4-29.6) | 22.5 (17.0-29.2) |
| ≥80 | 36.8 (34.2-39.4) | 35.4 (32.9-38.1) | 48.8 (38.7-59.0) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 41.3 (39.2-43.3) | 40.7 (38.5-42.9) | 46.7 (40.0-53.5) |
| Female | 58.7 (56.7-60.8) | 59.3 (57.1-61.5) | 53.3 (46.5-60.0) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 83.4 (79.7-86.5) | 83.6 (80.0-86.6) | 83.2 (77.0-87.9) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 8.2 (6.3-10.5) | 7.9 (6.0-10.3) | 10.0 (6.8-14.5) |
| Hispanic | 5.5 (3.6-8.1) | 5.5 (3.7-8.1) | 4.7 (2.3-9.1) |
| Other | 3.0 (2.1-4.2) | 3.1 (2.1-4.4) | 2.2 (1.0-5.9) |
| Education level | |||
| Less than high school | 29.8 (25.9-34.0) | 29.4 (25.3-34.0) | 30.9 (24.9-37.7) |
| High school | 28.0 (25.7-30.3) | 27.5 (25.3-29.8) | 33.2 (25.4-42.0) |
| Some college or higher | 42.3 (37.4-47.3) | 43.1 (38.3-48.0) | 35.9 (26.5-46.6) |
| Income <$20 000/y | 25.9 (22.9-29.2) | 25.6 (22.4-29.0) | 29.2 (23.0-36.4) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or living with a partner | 55.3 (51.2-59.4) | 55.9 (52.1-59.6) | 50.3 (38.4-62.1) |
| Widowed, separated, or divorced | 42.6 (38.7-46.5) | 42.0 (38.4-45.6) | 48.3 (37.1-59.7) |
| Never married | 2.1 (1.5-2.9) | 2.1 (1.5-3.0) | 1.4 (0.3-5.8) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 49.6 (47.1-52.2) | 49.5 (46.9-52.1) | 50.6 (40.4-60.7) |
| Former | 43.4 (40.4-46.5) | 43.6 (40.7-46.6) | 41.1 (31.5-51.6) |
| Current | 7.0 (5.7-8.4) | 6.9 (5.6-8.4) | 8.2 (4.7-13.9) |
| Coronary heart disease | 18.1 (16.4-19.8) | 14.1 (12.3-16.1) | 58.0 (48.5-66.9) |
| Diabetes | 28.1 (25.8-30.5) | 26.8 (24.2-29.5) | 41.7 (33.6-50.4) |
| Hypertension | 62.0 (59.2-64.7) | 61.1 (58.3-64.0) | 70.6 (63.0-77.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4.6 (3.6-5.7) | 3.6 (2.6-5.0) | 14.2 (8.5-22.8) |
| Stroke | 10.1 (8.5-12.1) | 8.8 (7.4-10.4) | 24.7 (17.0-34.3) |
| Hearing lossb | |||
| None (≤25 dB) | 35.7 (31.2-40.4) | 36.7 (31.8-41.9) | 25.8 (19.1-33.9) |
| Mild (>25 to ≤40 dB) | 35.7 (32.2-39.4) | 35.1 (31.1-39.4) | 41.9 (35.3-48.7) |
| Moderate (>40 to ≤60 dB) | 23.7 (21.6-26.0) | 23.8 (21.4-26.3) | 22.0 (16.6-28.5) |
| Severe (>60 to ≤80 dB) | 4.4 (3.4-5.6) | 4.0 (2.9-5.3) | 9.5 (5.9-15.1) |
| Profound (>80 dB) | 0.5 (0.2-1.0) | 0.4 (0.2-1.0) | 1.0 (0.1-5.3) |
| Hearing aid usec | 12.8 (11.5-14.3) | 3.7 (1.7-7.9) | 16.3 (11.8-22.1) |
| Exposure to noised | 49.3 (46.6-51.9) | 48.7 (46.0-51.4) | 54.5 (48.0-60.9) |
| Exposure to noise on the jobe | 30.6 (28.1-33.3) | 29.9 (27.1-32.8) | 38.3 (32.0-45.1) |
| Firearm usef | 36.2 (33.4-39.0) | 35.9 (33.0-38.9) | 38.8 (33.0-45.0) |
a
Prevalence estimates were computed using Mobile Examination Center examination weights to provide estimates for the total US population and are age standardized to the US 2010 Census population.
b
Hearing loss was defined as pure tone average (at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) of above 25 dB in the better ear.
c
Hearing aid use was defined as use of hearing aids for 5 or more hours a week in the past 12 months.
d
Exposure to noise was defined as exposure to loud noise or music for 5 or more hours a week outside of a job.
e
Exposure to noise on the job was defined as exposure to loud noise for 5 or more hours a week on the job.
f
Firearm use was defined as use of firearms for shooting, hunting, or other purposes.