Table 2.
Distribution of pregnancy outcomes (live birth versus miscarriage/stillbirth) according to maternal background characteristics, pregnancy history, and use of antenatal care services among 1136 Ghana women drawn from the Ghana Maternal Health Survey 2007
| Variable | Categories | Live birth N (%) | Miscarriage or stillbirth N (%) | Total (%) | Crude OR (miscarriage or stillbirth) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age pregnancy ended | Continuous | 1.07* | 1.03–1.12* | |||
| Area of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 437 (84.0) | 83 (16.0) | 520 (100) | Ref | ||
| Rural | 558 (90.6) | 58 (9.4) | 616 (100) | 0.55* | 0.38–0.78* | |
| Total | 995 87.6) | 141 (12.4) | 1136 (100) | |||
| Educational level | ||||||
| Primary | 224 (88.9) | 28 (11.1) | 252 (100) | 0.64 | 0.27–1.50 | |
| Junior secondary | 433 (86.1) | 70 (13.9) | 503 (100) | 0.83 | 0.37–1.84 | |
| Senior secondary | 92 (84.1) | 17 (15.6) | 109 (100) | 0.95 | 0.38–2.37 | |
| Higher education | 41 (83.7) | 8 (16.3) | 49 (100) | Ref | ||
| Total | 790 (86.5) | 123 (13.5) | 913 (100) | |||
| Total number of pregnancies | 2.44* | 1.89–3.16* | ||||
| 1 | 740 (91.8) | 66 (8.2) | 806 (100) | |||
| 2 | 229 (80.4) | 56 (19.6) | 285 (100) | |||
| 3 | 18 (50.0) | 18 (50.0) | 36 (100) | |||
| 4 | 8 (88.9) | 1 (11.1) | 9 (100) | |||
| Antenatal visits | ||||||
| 1 | 38 (90.5) | 4 (9.5) | 42 (100) | 1.5 | 0.52–4.39 | |
| 2–3 | 157 (95.7) | 7 (4.3) | 164 (100) | 0.64 | 0.29–1.43 | |
| 4+ | 775 (93.5) | 54 (6.5) | 829 (100) | Ref | ||
| Total | 970 (93.7) | 65 (6.3) | 1035 (100) | |||
| Year pregnancy ended | ||||||
| 2004 | 226 (87.9) | 31 (12.1) | 257 (100) | |||
| 2005 | 264 (86.6) | 41 (13.4) | 305 (100) | |||
| 2006 | 246 (86.6) | 32 (11.5) | 278 (100) | |||
| 2007 | 259 (87.5) | 37 (12.5) | 296 (100) | |||
| Month pregnancy ended | ||||||
| January | 74 (85.1) | 13 (14.9) | 87 (100) | |||
| February | 60 (78.9) | 16 (21.1) | 76 (100) | |||
| March | 99 (89.2) | 12 (10.8) | 111 (100) | |||
| April | 89 (85.6) | 15 (14.4) | 104 (100) | |||
| May | 95 (94.1) | 6 (5.9) | 101 (100) | |||
| June | 92 (80.7) | 22 (19.3) | 114 (100) | |||
| July | 91 (93.8) | 6 (6.2) | 97 (100) | |||
| August | 79 (81.4) | 18 (18.6) | 97 (100) | |||
| September | 75 (84.3) | 14 (15.7) | 89 (100) | |||
| October | 95 (91.3) | 9 (8.7) | 104 (100) | |||
| November | 82 (96.5) | 3 (3.5) | 85 (100) | |||
| December | 63 (90.0) | 7 (10.0) | 70 (100) | |||
| Total | 994 (87.6) | 141 (12.4) | 1135 (100) | |||
| Gestational age at end of pregnancy (in months) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | 15 (100) | 15 (100) | |||
| 2 | 0 | 27 (100) | 27 (100) | |||
| 3 | 0 | 33 (100) | 33 (100) | |||
| 4 | 0 | 13 (100) | 13 (100) | |||
| 5 | 0 | 9 (100) | 9 (100) | |||
| 6 | 0 | 12 (100) | 12 (100) | |||
| 7 | 0 | 4 (100) | 4 (100) | |||
| 8 | 0 | 5 (100) | 5 (100) | |||
| 9 | 995 (97.7) | 23 (2.3) | 1018 (100) | |||
| Total | 995 (87.6) | 141 (12.4) | 1136 (100) | |||
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
* statistically significant at p <.05