Table 5.
Association between attitudes and perceptions of stigma held by community members and health workers and levels of internalized and experienced stigma reported by people living with HIV adjusted for age, sex and clustering (n = 3859).
| Any internalized stigma | Any experienced stigma | Stigma experience in a healthcare setting | |
| Cluster-level exposure variables | aORscore (95% CI) for unit increase in score | aORscore (95% CI) for unit increase in score | aORscore (95% CI) for unit increase in score |
| Average level of HIV fear and judgement reported by CM | 1.11 (0.36–3.44) | 0.89 (0.31–2.58) | – |
| Average level of perceived HIV stigma in the community reported by CM | 3.36 (1.86–6.10) | 3.27 (1.31–8.19) | – |
| Average level of perceived HIV stigma in healthcare settings reported by CM | – | – | 14.93 (3.95–56.43) |
| Average level of HIV fear and judgement reported by HW | – | – | 0.02 (0.01–1.60) |
| Average level of perceived HIV stigma in the community reported by HW | 0.16 (0.01–2.34) | 0.34 (0.07–1.71) | – |
| Average level of perceived co-worker stigmatizing behaviour reported by HW | – | – | 0.49 (0.01–32.0) |
aORscore, adjusted odds ratio for age, sex and clustering within communities; CI, confidence interval; CM, community members not living with HIV; HW, health workers not living with HIV.