VTA-specific mTOR deletion increased in vivo AP firing of VTA GABAergic neurons. (a) mTOR deletion in the VTA led to an increase in the frequency of action potential firing by VTA GABAergic neurons (*P=0.035, n=14–15 cells from 5–6 mice). GABAergic neurons were identified by short-duration (<1 ms), nonbursting, high-frequency (>10 Hz) spikes. (b) Neurobioton labeling of recorded VTA neuron and post hoc immunostaining for TH and GFP allows identification of Cre-expressing GABAergic neurons from in vivo single-unit recordings. (c) mTOR deletion in the VTA decreased peak voltage-gated K+ currents at voltage steps to −30 mV or greater (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, n=11–12 from 3–4 mice).