DynA decreased and OrxA increased glutamatergic transmission in pPVT neurons. CTRL, control; DYN, DynA; ORX, OrxA. (a) pPVT slice showing the placement of the recording electrode (infrared optics, × 4 objective). (b) Representative whole-cell current recordings of sEPSCs (downward deflections). The superfusion of 0.2 μM DynA decreased the sEPSC frequency by 50% in this neuron. The resting membrane potential was −64 mV. (c) DynA significantly decreased the mean sEPSC frequency in PVT neurons (**p<0.01). (d) DynA decreased the average sEPSC frequency by 40%, whereas the amplitude was not significantly altered. (e) DynA also decreased the frequency of mEPSCs that were recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin. (f) The superfusion of OrxA significantly increased the sEPSC frequency, an effect that was opposite to DynA. (g) OrxA increased the average sEPSC frequency by 38%, with no effect on amplitude. (h) OrxA had no effect on mEPSCs frequency, in sharp contrast to the effect on sEPSCs.