Table 2.

Circulating metabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes before and after a 12-week Okinawa-based Nordic diet intervention

Variable	Mean value	95% CI		Mean change	95% CI		P
		Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper
Fasting Glucose (mmol/L)
Baseline	9.71	8.54	10.87
Week 12	7.91	6.55	9.27	−1.80	−2.63	−0.96	<0.001
Week 28	9.28	7.71	10.85	−0.42	−1.58	0.73	0.466
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
Baseline	61.57	56.42	66.72
Week 12	49.20	44.02	54.38	−12.37	−16.40	−8.33	<0.001
Week 28	54.36	48.83	59.90	−7.20	−11.68	−2.72	0.002
HOMA2-IR (U)
Baseline	3.00	2.50	3.51
Week 2	2.53	1.96	3.09	−0.48	−0.85	−0.11	0.012
Week 12	2.37	1.82	2.91	−0.64	−0.98	−0.30	<0.001
Week 28	2.61	2.05	3.16	−0.40	−0.75	−0.05	0.025
Triglycerides (nmol/L)
Baseline	1.79	1.41	2.16
Week 12	1.49	1.09	1.89	−0.30	−0.52	−0.08	0.009
Week 28	1.96	1.46	2.46	0.17	−0.20	0.54	0.367
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
Baseline	4.65	4.36	4.95
Week 12	4.22	3.87	4.57	−0.44	−0.69	−0.18	0.001
Week 28	4.71	4.37	5.05	0.06	−0.18	0.30	0.636
HDL (mmol/L)
Baseline	1.22	1.10	1.35
Week 12	1.19	1.05	1.32	−0.04	−0.10	0.03	0.267
Week 28	1.34	1.20	1.47	0.11	0.04	0.18	0.003
LDL (mmol/L)
Baseline	2.92	2.62	3.22
Week 12	2.68	2.33	3.03	−0.24	−0.48	−0.01	0.041
Week 28	2.82	2.49	3.16	−0.10	−0.30	0.11	0.356

The mean values and mean changes and 95% confidence interval (CI) with lower and upper limits are presented for fasting blood levels of glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) at inclusion (baseline) (n = 30), 12 weeks after diet intervention (n = 30), and 16 weeks after the end of diet intervention (week 28) (n = 23). Insulin resistance was measured by HOMA2-IR (21). Linear mixed model. Comparisons were made between baseline and week 12 and week 28. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.