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. 2018 Mar 9;9:196. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00196

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Copyright © 2018 Sukumaran, Tsuchimochi, Fujii, Hosoda, Kangawa, Akiyama, Shirai, Tatsumi and Pearson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ghrelin treatment improved renal inflammation, but not apoptosis in rats following CPB. (A) Azan-Mallory stained kidney section of a sham rat showing a normal glomerular membrane, capsular and tubular capillaries; a CPB rat showing the presence of collagen accumulations (blue staining) surrounding the tubules, inflammatory cell infiltration within the glomerulus and increased capsular space; a ghrelin treated rat showing reduced cell infiltration and capsular space (40x). (B) Immunofluorescence staining was used to access the levels of renal cortical CD-68 (red stain; yellow arrows) positively-stained cells. (C) Quantitative measurement of CD-68 positive cell per 20 fields. (D) In situ TUNEL-assay showed the absence of apoptotic cells (green stain) in the glomeruli. Nuclei were labeled with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue). The merged image is presented in this figure. In all images scale bar is 50 μm. (E) Protein expression levels of NT, CD-68 and caspase-3 detected by Western blotting. β-actin was used as an internal control. (F–H) Bar graph showing the densitometric analysis of the NT, CD-68 and caspase-3 Western blots. The data shown are the mean ± SEM; N = 3 rats per group. Data were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. ***p < 0.001 vs. sham group; ^#p < 0.05 vs. CPB saline group.