Table 1.
Electrochemical affinity biosensors involving aryldiazonium salt chemistry onto screen printed electrodes.
| Electrode | Configuration | Analyte | Detection Scheme | Detection Technique | Linear Range | LOD | Sample | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPCE | Sandwich immunosensor, grafted p-ABA-4-APBA-anti-ACTH-ACTH-Biotin-Strept-AP | ACTH | 1-NPP + AP → 1-NP 1-NP → quinone |
DPV | 0.025–1.0 pg mL−1 | 18 pg L−1 | serum | [19] |
| SPdCE | Sandwich immunosensor, grafted
p-ABA-4-APBA-anti-ACTH-ACTH-Biotin-Strept-AP Direct competitive, grafted p-ABA-4-APBA-anti-cortisol-cortisol-AP |
ACTH cortisol |
1-NPP + AP → 1-NP 1-NP → quinone |
DPV | 5.0 × 10−5–0.1ng mL−1 0.1–500 ng mL−1 |
40 pg L−1 37 pg mL−1 | serum | [85] |
| SPCE | Sandwich immunosensor, grafted p-aminothio-phenol-AuNPs-anti-BNP-BNP-anti-BNP-HRP | BNP | H2O2 + HRP + HQ → quinone |
amperometry | 0.014–15 ng mL−1 | 4 pg L−1 | serum | [84] |
| SPCE | Sandwich immunosensor, grafted p-ABA-DWCNTs-M&G-anti-APN-APN-Biotin-Strept-HRP | APN | H2O2 + HRP + HQ → quinone |
amperometry | 0.05–10.0 μg mL−1 | 14.5 ng mL−1 | serum | [86] |
| SPdCE | Direct competitive immunosensor, grafted p-ABA-anti-GHRL GHRL-Biotin-Strept-HRPDirect competitive, grafted p-ABA-anti-PYY- PYY-Biotin-Strept-HRP | GHRLPYY | H2O2 + HRP + HQ → quinone |
DPV | 10−3–100 ng mL−1 10−4–10 ng mL−1 |
1.0 pg mL−1 0.02 pg mL−1 | serum, saliva |
[62] |
| SPdCE | Sandwich immunosensor, grafted p-ABA-DWCNTs -M&G-anti-TNF-TNF-anti-TNF-Biotin-poly-Strept-HRP. Sandwich, grafted p-ABA-DWCNTs-M&G-anti-IL1β-IL1β-anti-IL1β-Biotin-poly-Strept-HRP | TNF-α IL-1β |
H2O2 + HRP + HQ → quinone |
amperometry | 1–200 pg mL−1 0.5–100 pg mL−1 |
0.85 pg mL−1 0.38 pg mL−1 |
serum saliva |
[87] |
| SPCE | Sandwich immunosensor, grafted p-ABA-Strept-Biotin-anti-TGF-TGF-anti-TGF-SWCNT(-HRP)-Phe-V | TGF-β1 | H2O2 + HRP + HQ → quinone |
amperometry | 2.5–1000 pg mL−1 | 0.95 pg mL−1 | saliva | [88] |
| SPAuE | Direct competitive immunosensor, grafted 4-nitrophenyl red.-GA-anti-OTA-HRP | OTA | TMB reduction | amperometry | up to 60 ng mL−1 | 12 ng mL−1 | - | [89] |
| SPCE | Indirect competitive immunosensor, grafted 4-carboxy-phenyl-HMDA-OA-anti-OA-IgG-AP | OA | 1-NPP + AP → 1-NP 1-NP → quinone | DPV | - | 1.44 ng L−1 | mussel | [5] |
| SPCE array | Sandwich immunosensor, grafted 4-aminophenyl-GA-anti-CEA(or anti-AFP)-anti-CEA(or anti-AFP)-HRP | CEAAFP | H2O2 + HRP + HQ → quinone |
amperometry | 0.10–50 ng mL−1 | 0.03 ng mL−1 0.05 ng mL−1 |
serum | [90] |
| SPCE | Label free immunosensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-anti-OA-OA | OA | RCT [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | EIS | 0.195–12.5 μg mL−1 | 0.3 μg L−1 | mussel | [58] |
| GrSPE | Label free direct competitive immunosensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-anti-OA-OA-OVA | OA | reduction current [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | SWV | up to 5000 ng mL−1 | 19 ng L−1 | shellfish tissue | [59] |
| GrSPE | Label free immunosensor, grafted 4-nitrophenyl red.-GA-anti-β-LGB-β-LGB | β-LGB | reduction current [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | DPV | 1 pg mL−1–100 ng mL−1 | 0.85 pg mL−1 | cake, cheese, snacks | [20] |
| CnFSPE | Label free immunosensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-anti-pSA-pSA | pSA | reduction current [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | DPV | 0.5–500 pg mL−1 | 0.5 pg mL−1 | fresh meat | [61] |
| CnFSPE | Label free immunosensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-anti-pSA-pSA | SMN | reduction current [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | SWV | 1.0 pg mL−1–100 ng mL−1 | 0.75 pg mL−1 | whole blood | [33] |
| GrSPE | Label-free immunosensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-anti-OVA-OVA | OVA | reduction current [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | DPV | 1.0 pg mL−1–0.5 μg mL−1 | 0.83 pg mL−1 | egg-free cake | [60] |
| SPCE | Label free aptasensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-aptamer AFB1 | AFB1 | RCT [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | EIS | 0.125 ng mL−1–16 ng mL−1 | 0.12 ng mL−1 | beer wine |
[91] |
| SPCE | Label free immunosensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-acetic-anti-MUC4 | MUC4 | RCT [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | EIS | 1–15 μg mL−1 | 0.33 μg mL−1 | serum | [64] |
| SPCE | Label free aptasensor, grafted p-ABA -aptamer-OTA | OTA | RCT [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | EIS | 0.15–2.5 ng mL−1 | 0.15 ng mL−1 | cocoa beans | [92] |
| SPCE | Label free aptasensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-aptamer-AFM1 | AFM1 | RCT [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | EIS | 2–150 ng L−1 | 1.15 ng L−1 | milk | [93] |
| SPCE | Label free DNA sensor, grafted 4-nitrophenyl red.-DNA | MRP3 gene | reduction current Ru(NH3)63+ | DPV | 1.0–7.3 ng μL−1 | 210 pg μL−1 | - | [94] |
| SPCE | Label free aptasensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-NH2-aptamer-salmonella | S. typhi. | RCT [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | EIS | 10–108 CFU mL−1 | 6 CFU mL−1 | apple juice | [95] |
| SPCE | Sandwich aptasensor, grafted 4-carboxyphenyl-aptamer-anti-Lys-Biotin-avidin-AP | Lys | 1-NPP + AP → 1-NP 1-NP → quinone | DPV | 5 fM–5 nM | 4.3 fM | wine | [70] |
| SPCE | Label free aptasensor, grafted 4-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl) benzene- p-nitrobenzene + click azide aptamer-OTA | OTA | RCT [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | EIS | 1.25–500 ng L−1 | 0.25 ng L−1 | beer | [21] |
ACTH, adrenocorticotropin; 2-ABA, 2-aminobenzyl amine; p-ABA, p-aminobenzoic acid; AFB1, aflatoxin B1; AFM1, aflatoxin M1; AP, alkaline phosphatase; 4-APBA, 4-aminophenylboronic acid; APN, adiponectin; AuNP, gold nanoparticles; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CEA, carcinoembrionic antigen; CnFSPE, carbon nanofibers screen printed electrode; DPV, differential pulse voltammetry; DWCNTs, double walled carbon nanotubes; EIS, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; GQDs, graphene quantum dots; GHRL, ghrelin; GrSPE, graphene-modified screen-printed carbon electrode; HQ, hydroquinone; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; IL-1β; interleukin-1β; β-LGB, β-lactoglobulina; Lys, lysozyme; M&G, Mix&Go;MRP3 gene; MUC4, mucin 4; 1-NP, 1-naphthylphenol; 1-NPP, 1-naphthylphosphate; OA, okadaic acid; OTA, ochratoxin A; OVA, ovoalbumin; PYY, peptide YY; pSA, porcine serum albumin; RCT, charge transfer resistance; S. typhi., Salmonella typhimurium; SMN, survival motor neuron: SPAuE, screen printed gold electrode; SPCE, screen printed carbon electrode; SPdCE, screen printed dual carbon electrode; SWCNT, single walled carbon nanotubes; SWV, square wave voltammetry; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; V, viologen.