Table 3.
Differences between women and men in clinical presentation of acute coronary syndrome, by age group (men are the reference class)
| Symptoms | <65 years | ≥65 years | Interaction P value | Adjusted for | ||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
| Pain | 0.76 | 0.14 to 4.0 | 0.52 | 0.19 to 1.47 | 0.777 | Age, type of ACS, marital status, dyslipidaemia, CABG |
| Typical (chest) pain (vs atypical or mixture)* | 0.97 | 0.44 to 2.14 | 1.71 | 0.90 to 3.23 | 0.973 | Age, type of ACS, coronary anatomy, region, smoking, dyslipidaemia, previous heart failure |
| Referred pain | 2.90 | 1.47 to 5.72 | 1.60 | 0.99 to 2.60 | 0.528 | Age, type of ACS, coronary anatomy, region, income, social class, previous renal failure |
| Radiation type† | ||||||
| Typical | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | Age, type of ACS, employment status, region | |
| Atypical | 1.49 | 0.70 to 3.20 | 1.38 | 0.72 to 2.66 | 0.415 | |
| Mixture | 1.77 | 0.73 to 4.29 | 2.75 | 1.36 to 5.57 | 0.606 | |
| Pain intensity (higher than 8/10) |
3.81 | 2.04 to 7.13 | 2.03 | 1.22 to 3.37 | 0.028 | Age, type of ACS, coronary anatomy, education, professional group, previous AMI |
| Symptoms | 1.98 | 1.00 to 3.91 | 1.85 | 1.10 to 3.12 | 0.799 | Age, type of ACS, region, previous AMI, previous heart failure |
| Symptom clusters‡ | ||||||
| Cluster 1 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | Age, type of ACS, professional group, region, previous AMI | |
| Cluster 2 | 1.07 | 0.53 to 2.15 | 1.67 | 0.97 to 2.87 | 0.246 | |
| Cluster 3 | 3.14 | 1.15 to 8.62 | 4.23 | 2.03 to 8.81 | 0.501 | |
| Activity group | ||||||
| Sleeping | 1 | Reference | 1 | (Reference) | Age, type of ACS, previous heart failure | |
| Rest | 0.68 | 0.33 to 1.38 | 1.38 | 0.74 to 2.57 | 0.284 | |
| Exertion | 0.77 | 0.37 to 1.59 | 1.70 | 0.89 to 3.25 | 0.408 | |
*Pain location: typical—retrosternal, precordial, right thoracic or bilateral thoracic; atypical—epigastric, back, left arm or shoulder, right arm or shoulder, neck or jaw; mixture—typical and atypical location.
†Radiation type: typical—left arm or shoulder, right arm or shoulder, neck or jaw; atypical: retrosternal, precordial, right thoracic, bilateral thoracic, epigastric or back regions; mixture— typical and atypical irradiation.
‡Symptom clusters: cluster 1 (no symptom cluster)—low endorsement probabilities for all items; cluster 2 (dyspnoea and sweating cluster)—high probability for dyspnoea at rest and sweating; cluster 3 (multiple symptoms cluster)—high probabilities for all items (dyspnoea at rest, exertional dyspnoea, sweating, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, blurry vision, presyncope, syncope, palpitation, weakness, other symptoms, other digestive symptoms and discomfort).
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CABG, coronary artery bypass surgery.