Table 4.

Reliability of six clinical shoulder instability and laxity tests

	Observed agreement	Expected agreement	Prevalence index	Bias index	κ (95% CI)	PABAK
Apprehension	0.83	0.51	0.44	0.03	0.65 (0.38 to 0.85)	0.65
Relocation*	0.75	0.59	0.28	0.15	0.39 (0.07 to 0.68)	0.50
Surprise	0.83	0.51	0.44	0.03	0.65 (0.38 to 0.85)	0.65
Load-and-Shift	0.95	0.90	0.05	0.05	0.48 (0.00 to 1.00)	0.90
Sulcus sign*	0.75	0.56	0.30	0.20	0.43 (0.17 to 0.72)	0.50
Gagey	0.90	0.62	0.40	0.05	0.73 (0.46 to 0.94)	0.80

*Significant intertester differences.

PABAK, prevalence-adjusted and bias-adjusted kappa.