Table 2.
Maternal and infant characteristics by treatment of diabetes in the first trimester†
| Human insulin only, n (%) |
Insulin analogue only, n (%) |
Human insulin and insulin analogue, n (%) |
|
| N | 870 | 397 | 394 |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Maternal age, mean (SD) | 29.3±5.2 | 29.8±5.1 | 29.1±5.4 |
| Maternal age, >35 years | 150 (17.2) | 67 (16.9) | 67 (17.0) |
| Multiparous | 515 (59.2) | 216 (54.4) | 211 (53.6) |
| Planned pregnancy | 208 (23.9) | 196 (49.4)* | 139 (35.3) |
| Type 1 diabetes | 791 (90.9) | 379 (95.5) | 359 (91.1) |
| Duration of diabetes, >10 years | 405 (46.6) | 255 (64.2)* | 188 (47.7) |
| Chronic hypertension | 42 (4.8) | 25 (6.3) | 15 (3.8) |
| HbA1c first trimester | |||
| ≤43 mmol/mol (≤6.1%) | 109 (12.5) | 54 (13.6) | 66 (16.8) |
| 44–53 mmol/mol (6.2%–7.0%) | 120 (13.8) | 117 (29.5)* | 66 (16.8) |
| 54–67 mmol/mol (7.1%–8.3%) | 134 (15.4) | 86 (21.7) | 94 (23.9) |
| >67 mmol/mol (>8.3%) | 100 (11.8) | 54 (13.6) | 47 (11.9) |
| Unknown | 407 (46.8) | 86 (21.7) | 121 (30.7) |
| Infant characteristics | |||
| Birth year | |||
| ≤2002 | 363 (41.7) | 13 (3.3) | 25 (6.4) |
| 2003–2007 | 357 (41.0) | 126 (31.7)* | 121 (30.7)* |
| 2008–2012 | 150 (17.3) | 258 (65.0)* | 248 (62.9)* |
| Fetal outcome | |||
| Live birth | 855 (98.3) | 380 (95.7) | 380 (96.4) |
| Stillbirth | 11 (1.3) | 10 (2.5) | 7 (1.8) |
| Spontaneous abortion | 1 (0.1) | 6 (1.5)* | 5 (1.3)* |
| Termination | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.5) |
| Male sex | 456 (52.4) | 200 (50.4) | 208 (52.8) |
| Preterm delivery‡, <37 weeks | 249 (29.2) | 122 (32.7) | 80 (21.1)* |
| Large for gestation‡ | 413 (48.7) | 197 (53.4) | 184 (48.6) |
| Death in the first week‡ | 6 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | 0 |
The range of gestational age is 6–42 weeks.
*P<0.05.
†Reference group for comparison was fetuses exposed to human insulin only in the first trimester.
‡Among live birth.
HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c.