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. 2018 Feb 22;8(2):e016589. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016589

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© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Meta-analysis of tinnitus in ever-smokers. Studies were combined using a random effects generic inverse variance model. The first two blocks show forest plots of cross-sectional and cohort studies separately. The effect size of each study is illustrated on a logarithmic scale by a red square, whose surface is proportional to the weight of the study. ORs >1 show a positive association of smoking on tinnitus. The horizontal bars represent the 95% CI. Summary estimates are represented by a black diamond. The third diamond illustrates the summary estimate of the comparison with all study designs. The ‘P’ value refers to the test of heterogeneity. This means that a statistical significant P value indicates heterogeneity, whereas a non-significant value does not rule out heterogeneity.