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. 2018 Jan 26;19(2):374. doi: 10.3390/ijms19020374

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Unfolded protein response initiated by stimuli such as ATP depletion, loss of calcium, and free radicals. ER: endoplasmic reticulum; PERK: protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; GRP 78: glucose regulated protein 78; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; IRE1: inositol-requiring enzyme 1; XBP-1: X-box binding protein 1; eIF2: eukaryotic initiation factor 2; CHOP: C/EBP homology protein; SERCA2b: sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2b; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.