Table 1.

The causative agents of ocular microbial infections, antimicrobial treatments, route and duration of administration.

Microbial Infections	Species	Infections	Antimicrobial Treatments	Route of Administration	Duration of Administration	Reference
Fungal Infections	Candida albicans	chorioretinitis	caspofungin, micafungin, or anidulafungin	Intravenous or oral	Approximate 1 month	[7]
	Aspergillus fumigatus	retinitis, invasive aspergillosis	voriconazole, or posaconazole	Intravenous or oral	-	[7,33,87,88]
	Cryptococcus neoformans	multifocal chorioretinitis	flucytosine and amphotericin B	Intravenous or oral	-	[84,85]
	Histoplasma capsulatum	histoplasmosis, retinitis	Laser cauterization	-	Repeated	[2,64]
Viral Infections	CMV	retinitis	ganciclovir	Intravenous, intravitreous	>3 weeks	[21]
			foscarnet	Intravenous	-	[57]
			cidofovir	Intravenous	-	[62]
			fomivirsen	Intravenous	-	[89]
	VZV, HZV, HSV types 1 and 2	ARN, PORN	acyclovir	Intravenous	7–12 weeks	[62,67]
			foscarnet	Intravitreal	-	[20]
			valaciclovir	Oral	-	[62,90]
			famciclovir	Oral	-	[62,91]
Parasitic Infections	Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati	ocular toxocariasis	albendazole or thiabendazole	-	-	[37,38,92]
	Toxoplasma gondii	ocular toxoplasmosis	pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pyrimethamine-azithromycin	-	-	[93,94,95]
Bacterial Infections	Enterococci, Streptococci, Bacilli, gram-negative bacteria	retinitis	vancomycin-amikacin or vancomycin-ceftazidime	-	-	[45,96]
	Treponema pallidum	ocular syphilis	penicillin	Intravenous	14 days	[58,97,98]
			ceftriaxone or doxycycline	Parenteral	3 weeks	[66,98]
	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	tubercular retinal vasculitis	isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide, with or without ethambutol	-	Up to 9 months	[65]
			streptomycin, capreomycin, or quinolones	-	-	[99]