AKT	protein kinase B
AR	androgen receptor
bFGF	basic growth factor receptor
Cer	ceramide
CRC	colorectal cancer
CSC	cancer stem cells
CTLA-4	cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4
ECM	extracellular matrix
EGF	epidermal growth factor
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor
EMT	epithelial to mesenchymal transition
ER	estrogen receptor
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FAK	focal adhesion kinase
FGF	fibroblast growth factor
FGFR	fibroblast growth factor receptor
Fuc	fucose
Gal	galactose
GalNAc	N-acetylgalactosamine
GALNT2	N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2
Glc	glucose
GlcNAc	N-acetylglucosamine
GCGR	glucagon receptor
HGF	hepatocyte growth factor
HSPG	heparan sulfate proteoglycans
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor-1
IGF1-R	insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor
INSR	insulin receptor
iPSC	induced pluripotent stem cells
JAK	Janus kinase
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal
Ley	Lewisy
Man	man
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MSI	microsatellite instability
MUC1	mucin-1
N-CAM	neural cell adhesion molecule
NEU1-4	neuraminidase 1-4
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase
PIP3	phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate
PSA	polysialic acid
PST	polysialyltransferase ST8SIA2
RTK	receptor tyrosine kinase
SAPK1	serine/threonine-protein kinase-1
Sia	sialic acid
sT	sialyl-T
Sia6LacNAc	α2,6-sialylated lactosamine
STAT	signal transducer and activator of transcription
STX	polysialyltransferase ST8SIA2
TF	Thomsen–Friedenreich
sLea	sialyl-Lewisa
sLex	sialyl-Lewisx
TGFB	transforming growth factor-β
TNFA	tumor necrosis factor-α
TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B	tumor necrosis factor receptor-1A and -1B
TRADD	TNFRSF1A-associated death domain
TSPAN	tetraspanin
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor