Table 3.

Deregulated miRNAs associated with carcinogenesis mechanisms in MPM.

miRNA with Deregulated Expression in MPM	Potential Function	Biological Effect of Experimental Manipulation of miRNA Expression	Other Effects	Reference
miR-16↓ (tissue)	Tumor suppressor	Restoring miR-16: growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1, increased apoptosis and reduced colony formation in MPM cell lines	Correlation with downregulation of Bcl2, CCND1. Administration of miR-16-containing minicells to xenografted mice inhibited tumor growth	[63]
miR-1↓ (tissue)	Tumor suppressor	Restoring miR-1: cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis.	Correlation with upregulation of p53, BAX, p16/21; and downregulation of Bcl2 and survivin	[62]
miR-145↓ (tissue)	Tumor suppressor	Restoring miR-145: reduction of proliferation and migration of two out of three transfected MPM cell lines	Xenotransplant (transfected MPM cell line): inhibition of tumor growth in 6 of 8 treated mice compared to controls	[64]
miR-223↓ (tissue)	Tumor suppressor	Over-expression of miR-223: reduction of two MPM cell lines motility.	STMN1 levels were reduced and tubulin acetylation was induced	[68]

↑ = upregulated expression; ↓ = downregulated expression.