Figure 1.

Workflow from biopsy to personalized medicine. From biopsy, it is possible obtain organoid and spheroid models that are sources of patient-specific DNA, RNA, and proteins (omics profiling). Patient omics may help in connecting genotype to phenotype, in order to select specific mutations, genes, and proteins and identify targets. Spheroids may be directly used for patient drug sensitivity screening and target validation. Integrating omics data and high-throughput drug screening can provide specific molecular and clinical scenarios for better personalized therapy.