Table 1.
List of publications of autologous mesenchymal stem cells application for cartilage repair.
| Author Year Study Type |
Number of Patients | Stem Cell Origin | Number of Cells | Control Group | Follow-up Time | Co-Treatment | Delivery System | Assessments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wakitani et al. Case and control study [142] |
12 | Autologous BM-MSCs from iliac crest | 1.3 × 107 | 12 cell free |
28–95 weeks | High tibial osteotomy; gel-cell composite; autologous periosteum |
Implantation of collagen cell sheets | Arthroscopic photography; Histological samples; Clinical evaluation |
| Niejadnik et al. Cohort study [143] |
36 | Autologous BM-MSCs from iliac crest | 1.0–1.5 × 107 | 36 autologous chondrocyte implantation |
24 months | Fibrin glue | Implantation upon autologous periosteal patch | ICRS; Lysholm score; Tegner activity scale X-ray; Clinical evaluation |
| Buda et al. Case series study [144] |
20 | Autologous BM-MSCs from iliac crest | N/A (2 mL of bone marrow concentrate) | None | 24 months | Arthroscopic debridement; Hyaluronic acid membrane scaffold |
Transplantation of Arthroscopic Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells |
Clinical evaluation (IKDC, KOOS); MRI; Histochemical analysis |
| Wakitani et al. Case series [145] |
41 | Autologous BM-MSCs from iliac crest | 5.0 × 106/mL | None | 5–137 months | Gel-cell composite | Implantation cell sheets | X-ray; Clinical evaluation |
| Saw et al. Case series study [146] |
5 | Autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells | N/A (7–8 mL of peripheral blood progenitor cells | None | 10–26 months | Microfracture; Hyaluronic acid intra-articular injections |
Intra-articular injection | Second-look arthroscopy; Histological samples; |
| Davatchi et al. Case series study [147] |
4 | Autologous BM-MSCs from iliac crest | 8.0–9.0 × 106 | None | 12 months | Saline with 2% human serum albumine | Intra-articular injection | X-ray; Clinical evaluation; VAS |
| Koh et al. Case and control study [148] |
25 | Autologous A-MSCs from infrapatellar fat pad |
1.2–2.3 × 106 | 25 cell free |
12–18 months | Arthroscopic debridement; Synovectomy |
Intra-articular injection | Lysholm score; Tegner activity scale; VAS |
| Koh et al. Case series study [149] |
18 | Autologous A-MSCs from infrapatellar fat pad |
0.3–2.7 × 106 | None | 24–26 months | Arthroscopic debridement; Synovectomy; Platelet-rich plasma |
Intra-articular injection | Lysholm score; Tegner activity scale; VAS; MRI |
| Saw et al. Randomised control trial [150] |
49 | Autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells | N/A (7–8 mL of PBPC) | 25 cell free |
24 months | Microfracture; Hyaluronic acid intra-articular injections |
Intra-articular injection | IKDC; MRI; Second-look arthroscopy; Histological samples |
| Orozko et al. Case series study [151] |
12 | Autologous BM-MSCs from iliac crest |
40 × 106 | None | 12 months | Ringer lactate, human albumin, glucose | Intra-articular injection | VAS; Clinical evaluation: WOMAC; MRI |
| Wong et al. Randomized control trial [152] |
28 | Autologous BM-MSCs from iliac crest |
1.46 × 106 | 28 cell free |
24 months | Microfracture and high tibial osteotomy; Hyaluronic acid; |
Intra-articular injection | IKDC; Lysholm score; Tegner activity scale; MOCART |
| Jo et al. Cohort study [153] |
18 | Autologous A-MSCs from abdominal subcutaneous fats |
1.0 × 107, 5.0 × 107, 1.0 × 108 |
None | 6 months | None | Intra-articular injection | WOMAC; VAS, KSS; X-ray, MRI; Second-look arthroscopy; Histological samples |
| Akgun et al. Prospective, single-site, randomized, single-blind pilot study. [154] |
7 | Autologous synovium-derived MSCs | 4.0 × 106 | 7 matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation |
24 months | Type I/III collagen membrane (2 cm × 2 cm) |
Implantation of MSC preloaded collagen membrane | Clinical evaluation: VAS, KOOS; MRI |
| Davatchi et al. Case series study [138] |
4 | Autologous BM-MSCs |
8.0–9.0 × 106 | None | 60 months | Glucosamine was permitted | Intra-articular injection | X-ray; Clinical evaluation: VAS, walking time to pain |
| Fodor et al. Case series study [155] |
6 | Adipose-derived stromal vascular cells (the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue) | 14.0 × 106 | None | 12 months | None | Intra-articular injection | Clinical evaluation: WOMAC, VAS, ROM, TUG; MRI. |
| Koh et al. Randomized control trial [156] |
40 | Autologous A-MSCs |
5.0 × 106 | 40 Microfracture treatment |
24 months | Debridement; Microfracture, Fibrin glue |
Arthroscopic implantation of MSC loaded in fibrin glue | Second-look arthroscopy; the Lysholm score, KOOS, VAS; MRI; Histological samples |
| Pers et al. Cohort study [140] |
18 | Autologous A-MSCs |
2.0 × 106, 10.0 × 106, 50.0 × 106 |
None | 6 months | None | Intra-articular injection | WOMAC, VAS, PGA, SAS, KOOS; Histological samples |
A-MSCs: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BM-MSCs: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ICRS: International Cartilage Repair Society score; IKDC: International Knee Documentation Committee; KOOS: the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome; KSS: Knee Society Clinical Rating System score; MOCART: Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue score; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; N/A: not available; PGA: Patient Global Assessment; ROM: range of motion; SAS: Short Arthritis Assessment Scale; TUG: timed up-and-go; VAS: visual analogue pain scale; WOMAC: the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index.