Table 2.
PDA vesicles for detection of hemolytic bacteria and toxins.
| Composition of the Bilayer | Nature of the Encapsulated Probe | Type of Transduction | Type of Hemolytic Bacteria | Type of Toxin | Toxin LOD nM | Bacteria LOD (CFU/mL) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electrochemical detection | |||||||
| GLY-PDA/Fc-PDA/receptor ganglioside GM1 | Amperometry | E. coli | E. coli Heat-labile enterotoxin | 36 | [36] | ||
| Phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/ diacetyl phosphate/1-octadecanethiol | hexacyanoferrate | Amperometry | S. pyrogenes A and C | Streptolysin O | 0.025 5 HU * |
[35] | |
| phosphatidylcholine | 2,6-dichlorophenol/indophenol | Amperometry | L. monocytogenes NCTC 7973 | __ | __ | 5 × 106 | [37] |
| Phosphatidylcholine/2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol | Amperometry | L. monocytogenes NCTC 7973 | __ | __ | 5 × 105 | [37] | |
| DPPC/cholesterol/TCDA | hexacyanoferrate | Amperometry |
P. aeruginosa PAO1 S. aureus USA300 |
Rhamnolipid Delta toxin |
11,000 29,000 |
[38] | |
| Optical detection | |||||||
| Gly-PCDA/PC-DIYNE/cholesterol | Colorimetry | S. pyrogenes A and C | Streptolysin O | 0.10 20 HU * |
[39] | ||
| DMPC/10,12-tricosadiynoic acid | Colorimetric | Salmonella enterica | Bacterial supernatant | 109 bacteria | [40] | ||
| Glycopolydiacetylene | Colorimetry |
E. coli O157:H7 |
Shiga toxin | 1.2 × 106 | [41] | ||
| DMPE /DMPE /TCDA/cholesterol | carboxyfluorescein | Fluorescence |
P. aeruginosa PAO1 S. aureus MSSA 476 |
104 | [42] | ||
| PCDA/TDER | Colorimetry |
S. aureus (ATCC 6538) E. coli (ATCC 11229) |
Bacterial supernatant | 108 (spiked apple juice) | [43] | ||
| DPPC /cholesterol/TCDA /DPPE | carboxyfluorescein | Fluorescence | P. aeruginosa | Rhamnolipid | 40,000 | 106 CFU/mL | [44] |
| Hyaluronic acid/caprolactone | 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin | Fluorescence | S. aureus | hyaluronidase | 47 U/mL | [45] | |
| Amine terminated PDA | Colorimetry Fluorescence |
B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa | surfactin | 16,500 | 1.8 × 103 | [46] | |
DMPC: 1,2-dimysristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphosphocholine; DMPE: 1,2-dimysristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DPPC: 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DPPE: 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; Fc-PDA: N-(10,12-pentacosadiunoyl)acetylferrocene; Gly-PDA: glycine-terminated diacetylene monomer; GLY-PCDA: N-(10,12-pentacosadiunoyl)-glycine; GM1: ganglioside; LOD: limit of detection; PCDA: 10,12-pentacosadyinoic acid; PC-DIYNE: 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; TCDA: 10,12-tricosadiynoic acid; TDER: N-[(2-tetradecanamide)-ethyl]-ribonamide; * HU (hemolytic unit) is defined as the amount of protein that causes 50% lysis of a 2% red blood cell suspension in PBS at pH 4.