Table 1. Univariate variance component analysis applied to the three phenological traits and derived statistics.

Traits	Leaf unfolding timing (LU)			Leaf senescence timing (LS)			Canopy duration (CD)
Components	All populations	Low elevation	High elevation	All populations	Low elevation	High elevation	All populations	Low elevation	High elevation
${\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathit{\text{p}}-\mathit{\text{In}}\mathit{\text{situ}}}^{\mathbf{2}}({\text{day}}^2)$	481.81 (158.19, 1352.49)	212.8 (36.14, 1072.88)	282.7 (19.74, 2546.45)	70.10 (17.69, 205.85)	40.62 (0.12, 221.1)	66.97 (1.46, 973.04)	843.91 (275.63, 2336.86)	537.44 (112.12, 2449.74)	376.94 (29.67, 8450.06)
${\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathit{\text{p}}-\mathit{\text{Common}}}^{\mathbf{2}}({\text{day}}^2)$	9.01 (3.37, 22.23)	8.07 (1.21, 34.65)	9.76 (1.17, 159.68)	10.85 (3.09, 32.12)	16.67 (0.15, 141.04)	14.17 (0.55, 121.18)	8.95 (1.54, 24.88)	5.79 (0.00, 34.48)	1.92 (0.00, 47.81)
${\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathit{\text{a}}}^2({\text{day}}^2)$	4.35 (3.78, 4.88)	6.64 (5.48, 7.72)	2.75 (2.21, 3.35)	9.32 (6.93, 11.91)	15.67 (10.56, 21.33)	4.48 (2.6, 6.86)	12.9 (9.67, 16.02)	17.28 (11.15, 23.6)	9.48 (6.71, 13.01)
${\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathit{\text{d}}}^{\mathbf{2}}({\text{day}}^2)$	0.01 (0.00, 0.09)	0.03 (0.00, 0.27)	0.02 (0.00, 0.14)	0.17 (0.00, 1.43)	0.50 (0.00, 3.61)	0.21 (0.00, 1.63)	0.21 (0.00, 1.61)	0.63 (0.00, 4.32)	0.21 (0.00, 1.55)
${\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathit{\epsilon }}^{\mathbf{2}}({\text{day}}^2)$	44.21 (43.25, 45.13)	44.42 (42.97, 46.12)	44.00 (42.92, 45.31)	129.68 (125.31, 133.6)	147.79 (140.47, 155.59)	117.53 (112.58, 122.2)	150.48 (146, 155.57)	172.67 (164.38, 183.1)	136.16 (130.00, 141.33)
QST	0.51 (0.30, 0.74)	0.38 (0.12, 0.74)	0.64 (0.32, 1)	0.37 (0.14, 0.64)	0.35 (0.09, 0.86)	0.62 (0.23, 0.98)	0.26 (0.07, 0.51)	0.14 (0.00, 0.51)	0.09 (0.00, 0.72)
${\mathbf{\text{h}}}_{\mathbf{\text{d}}}^{\mathbf{2}}$	1 (0.98, 1.00)	1 (0.96, 1.00)	0.99 (0.95, 1.00)	0.98 (0.86, 1.00)	0.97 (0.78, 1.00)	0.95 (0.69, 1.00)	0.98 (0.89, 1.00)	0.97 (0.78, 1.00)	0.98 (0.85, 1.00)
${\mathit{\text{h}}}_{\mathit{\text{d}}+\mathit{\epsilon }}^{\mathbf{2}}$	0.09 (0.08, 0.10)	0.13 (0.11, 0.15)	0.06 (0.05, 0.07)	0.07 (0.05, 0.08)	0.09 (0.06, 0.13)	0.04 (0.02, 0.06)	0.08 (0.06, 0.10)	0.09 (0.06, 0.12)	0.06 (0.05, 0.09)
e (%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.04 (0.03, 0.05)	0.05 (0.03, 0.07)	0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

The variance components p, a, d and ε quantify variation at the between-population (in situ and in common garden conditions), genetic, individual non-genetic and within-individual (environmental) levels, respectively, see the Methods section (equation [1]). The 95% credible intervals are indicated in brackets. See the Methods section for a description of Q_ST, heritabilities ${\mathit{\text{h}}}_{\mathit{\text{d}}}^{\mathbf{2}}$ and ${\mathit{\text{h}}}_{\mathit{\text{d}}+\mathit{\epsilon }}^{\mathbf{2}}$, and evolvability (e) estimates. The CD values used for computing e were 186.21, 187.00 and 183.57 days for all populations, low elevation and high elevation subsets, respectively. Q_ST values for subsets of populations (low- and high-elevation populations) were computed from ${\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathit{\text{p}}-\mathit{\text{Common}}}^{\mathbf{2}}$ and ${\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathit{\text{a}}}^{\mathbf{2}}$ estimated separately for each of these two population subsets.