Table 1. General characteristics of study groups.

	FM	MPIC	P
	(n = 238)	(n = 2642)
Personal characteristics, mean ± SD
Age in year	32.0 (6.1)	32.6 (5.7)	.118
Height (cm)	180.7(6.1)	181.3(6.9)	.155
BMI (kg/m2)	25.8 (3.8)	26.6 (4.5)	.007 ${\mathbf{{\rm X}}}^{\mathbf{2}}$
<25 n (%)	119 (50)	1047 (39.6)
≥25<30 n (%)	83 (34.9)	1069 (40.5)
≥30 n (%)	36 (15.1)	526 (19.9)
Waist circumference (cm)	91.0 (9.7)	94.3 (12.4)	< .001
Waist-to-height ratio	0.504 (0.056)	0.521 (0.067)	< .001
Reproductive characteristics, mean ± SD
Total testicular volume (ml)	48.0 (9.2)	45.8 (9.4)	< .001
Abstinent time (day)	3.8(1.6)	3.8(1.6)	.580
Semen volume (mL)	3.8 (1.6)	3.8 (2.1)	.831
Sperm concentration (×106/mL)	74.6 (50.5)	38.6 (36.2)	< .001
Total sperm count (×106)	282.3 (211.3)	144.0 (138.9)	< .001
Motile spermatozoa (%)	51.6(12.0)	41.4(16.5)	< .001
Normal morphology (%)	11.0 (5.6)	7.0 (5.3)	< .001
Serum FSH (IU/L)	4.0 (2.1)	4.4 (3.2)	.027
Serum LH (IU/L)	3.7 (1.8)	3.7 (1.9)	.991
Testosterone (nmol/L)	16.7(5.9)	16.7(6.1)	.918
Oestradiol (pmol/L)	123.6 (49.9)	127.6 (52.8)	.264
Health and lifestyle characteristics, n (%)
MS	29(12.2)	471(17.8)	.028 ${\mathbf{{\rm X}}}^{\mathbf{2}}$
Testicular disorders a	41(17.2)	498(18.8)	.539 χ2
Leukocytospermia	13(5.5)	238(9)	.063 χ2
Smoking status b			< .001 ${\mathbf{{\rm X}}}^{\mathbf{2}}$
Never smoker	96(42.1)	427(21.9)
Former smoker	66(28.9)	614(31.5)
Current smoker	66(28.9)	909(46.6)
Alcohol status c			.041 ${\mathbf{{\rm X}}}^{\mathbf{2}}$
Non alkohol users	41(18.0)	225(12.1)	.018 ${\mathbf{{\rm X}}}^{\mathbf{2}}$
< 16 units/week	148(64.9)	1304(70.0)
≥ 16 units/week	39(17.1)	333(17.9)
Units per week, mean± SD	7.8(8.2)	8.8(11.1)	.212

a disorders affecting testicular function: varicocele (gr 2, 3 and bilateral), testicular

trauma, inguinal hernia

b FM: 10 missing, MPIC: 692 missing

c FM 10 missing

MPIC: 780 missing