. 2018 Mar 7;8:15. doi: 10.1038/s41387-018-0019-z

Table 1.

Plasma parameters, liver lipids and caecal bacteria

	CT	WD	WD + WBE
Serum parameters
–Triglycerides (mM)	0.36 ± 0.02	0.40 ± 0.02	0.40 ± 0.03
–Free fatty acids (mM)	0.40 ± 0.03	0.46 ± 0.03	0.48 ± 0.04
–Insulin (pg/ml)	0.15 ± 0.04^a	0.75 ± 0.29^b	0.13 ± 0.06^a
–Leptin (pg/ml)	989 ± 112^a	13967 ± 1583^b	4647 ± 1370^a
–Ghrelin (pg/ml)	122 ± 20	112 ± 26	76 ± 12
–GIP (pg/ml)	44 ± 5^a	93 ± 12^b	56 ± 8^a
–HOMA-IR	9 ± 2^a	60 ± 18^b	15 ± 4^a
Liver lipid content
–Total lipids (mg/g tissue)	48 ± 2^a	62 ± 4^b	48 ± 4^a
–Triglycerides (nmol/mg protein)	11.4 ± 0.9^a	18.2 ± 2.5^b	14.8 ± 1.4^ab
–Cholesterol (nmol/mg protein)	8.5 ± 0.3^a	11.9 ± 0.5^b	11.3 ± 0.4^b
Gut bacteria, log (cells/g caecal content)
Total bacteria	11.71 ± 0.08	11.70 ± 0.06	11.60 ± 0.09
Lactobacillus spp.	8.46 ± 0.11	8.17 ± 0.17	8.41 ± 0.15
Roseburia spp.	8.97 ± 0.08	8.95 ± 0.08	8.91 ± 0.07
Bacteroides spp.	10.51 ± 0.12	10.33 ± 0.06	10.31 ± 0.13

Mice were fed a control diet (CT), a western diet (WD) or a WD supplemented with 5% of WBE (WD + WBE) for 4 weeks. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Data with different superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 (ANOVA)

GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance