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The roughness parameters of the membranes.
| Membrane | Image surface | Surface area | Roughness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| area (μm2) | Difference (%) | Ra (nm) | Rq (nm) | Rmax (nm) | |
| PEM-0 | 100 | 0.072 | 5.93 | 7.43 | 67.7 |
| PEM-1 | 104 | 1.37 | 7.13 | 9.25 | 99.1 |
| PEM-2 | 100 | 0.083 | 8.71 | 10.3 | 108 |
| PEM-3 | 102 | 1.62 | 11.1 | 13.9 | 126 |
