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. 2018 Mar 16;9:1118. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03490-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Upper small intestinal infusion of casein hydrolysate increases glucose tolerance via preabsorptive mechanisms in healthy rodents. Schematic of hypothesis (a). Glucose tolerance was assessed in conscious, unrestrained healthy rats using an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) as outlined in (b). Percentage of change in plasma glucose levels (c), integrated area under the curve (AUC, d), and plasma insulin levels (e) over time during the IVGTT in rats that received an upper small intestinal (S.I.) infusion of saline (n = 18) or 8% casein hydrolysate (pH 5.0, n = 24). Systemic and portal free amino acid levels were assessed in plasma obtained from rats following 50 min of upper S.I. saline (n = 6) or casein (n = 9) infusion (f). Percentage of change in plasma glucose levels (g) and integrated AUC (h) for rats that received an upper S.I. infusion of saline, casein, saline+tetracaine (n = 5) or casein+tetracaine (n = 8) during the IVGTT. Values are presented as mean ± s.e.m., where asterisk (*) represents p < 0.05 compared to saline control and hash (#) represents p<0.05 compared to casein+tetracaine. Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired, two-tailed t-test (two groups) or ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test (3+ groups)