Fig. 6.

Upper small intestinal infusion of casein reduces plasma glucose levels and is associated with a reduction in glucose production in hyperglycemic rodents. A non-pancreatic clamp experiment was performed in rats subjected to nicotinamide–streptozotocin (STZ)/HFD-induced hyperglycemia as outlined in a. Plasma glucose levels (b) and GP (c) were assessed in hyperglycemic rats receiving an upper S.I. infusion of saline (n = 6), casein (n = 7), or casein+4-AMBA (n = 6). Values are presented as mean ± s.e.m., where basal and infusion represent the average GP of t = 60–90 or t = 120–140, respectively, and asterisk (*) represents p < 0.05 compared to saline control. Statistical significance was determined using ANOVA with Bonferonni post-hoc test