Table 2.
Baseline characteristics (week 0) of the study participants from the four dietary intervention groups when pooled and categorized as overweight (BMI ≥ 25 and <30 kg/m2; n = 29) or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; n = 43)
| Participant characteristics | Overweight (n = 29) | Obese (n = 43) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.6 ± 1.5 | 55.6 ± 1.6 | NS |
| Sex (female/male) | 18/11 | 28/15 | NS |
| Lipid lowering and/or antihypertensive drugs | 16 | 20 | NS |
| Body weight/composition | |||
| Weight (kg) | 81.3 ± 2.0 | 95.6 ± 2.0 | <0.005 |
| Height (m) | 1.7 ± 0.02 | 1.7 ± 0.01 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 ± 0.2 | 33.5 ± 0.4 | <0.005 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 95.1 ± 1.5 | 105.8 ± 1.6 | <0.005 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 29.4 ± 0.8 | 40.7 ± 1.4 | <0.005 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 51.8 ± 2.1 | 54.8 ± 1.7 | NS |
| VAT (l) | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | <0.005 |
| SCATa (l) | 22.6 ± 0.4 | 26.4 ± 0.5 | <0.005 |
| Liver fat (IHL) (%) | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 10.5 ± 1.7 | 0.001 |
| Insulin sensitivity | |||
| M-value (mg/kg/min) | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 0.03 |
| EGP (mg/kg/min) | 1.7 ± 0.03 | 1.6 ± 0.03 | 0.008 |
| HEP-IR (mg/kg/min) | 13.7 ± 1.1 | 17.1 ± 1.3 | 0.04 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 0.006 |
| Glucose metabolism (oGTT) | |||
| NGM/PGM | 19/10 | 18/25 | NS |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 138.3 ± 2.6 | 143.0 ± 3.2 | NS |
| Diastolic | 88.4 ± 2.0 | 94.6 ± 2.0 | NS |
| RQ | 0.8 ± 0.01 | 0.7 ± 0.01 | NS |
| REE (kcal/day) | 1415 ± 51 | 1556 ± 38 | NS |
| Cholesterol | |||
| Total (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | NS |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.06 | 1.3 ± 0.04 | NS |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | NS |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.0 ± 0.08 | 1.34 ± 0.1 | 0.007 |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 0.6 ± 0.04 | 0.7 ± 0.04 | NS |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.0 ± 0.06 | 5.2 ± 0.05 | NS |
| Biomarkers of protein intake | |||
| Urine nitrogen/creatinine ratio | 7.31 ± 0.4 | 7.95 ± 0.4 | NS |
| Fecal isovalerate (mmol/L) | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | NS |
| FGF-19 (pg/mL) | 105.54 ± 9.21 | 116.55 ± 12.28 | NS |
Data are presented as means ± standard error for continuous variables, and as absolute numbers and proportions for categorical variables. Comparison between overweight and obese participants was performed using one-way ANOVA.
BMI body mass index, VAT visceral adipose tissue, SCATa abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, IHL intrahepatic fat content, M-value insulin-mediated glucose uptake as a measurement of whole-body insulin sensitivity, EGP endogenous glucose production, HEP-IR hepatic insulin resistance, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, oGTT oral glucose tolerance test, NGM normal glucose metabolism based on oGTT, PGM pathological glucose metabolism based on oGTT showing impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance, RQ respiratory quotient, REE resting energy expenditure, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, FGF-19 fibroblast growth factor-19