Table 1.
Comparison of clinical characteristics between the non-DKD and DKD groups
| Characteristics | Total (n = 862) | Non-DKD(n = 616) | DKD (n = 246) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.70 ± 11.56 | 51.98 ± 11.10 | 58.00 ± 11.59 | <0.001 |
| Gender (men %) | 636 (73.8) | 462 (75.0) | 174 (70.7) | 0.200 |
| Duration of T2DM (years) | 8.75 ± 6.61 | 7.73 ± 6.26 | 11.31 ± 6.77 | 0.001 |
| Smoking n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| No smoking | 441 (51.2) | 315 (51.1) | 126 (51.2) | |
| Smoking | 334 (38.7) | 252 (40.9) | 82 (33.3) | |
| Quit smoking | 87 (10.1) | 49 (8.0) | 38 (15.5) | |
| Drinking n, (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No drinking | 601 (69.7) | 407 (66.1) | 194 (78.9) | |
| Drinking | 225 (26.1) | 187 (30.3) | 38 (15.4) | |
| Quit drinking | 36 (4.2) | 22 (3.6) | 14 (5.7) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 381 (44.2) | 212 (34.4) | 169 (68.7) | <0.001 |
| ARB/ACEI, n (%) | 189 (21.9) | 100 (16.2) | 89 (36.2) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 497 (57.7) | 322 (52.3) | 175 (71.1) | 0.001 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 487 (56.5) | 371 (60.2) | 116 (47.2) | 0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.92 ± 3.35 | 25.83 ± 3.20 | 26.15 ± 3.70 | 0.243 |
| WHtR | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.016 |
| SBP(mmHg) | 129.76 ± 17.26 | 126.01 ± 15.67 | 139.16 ± 17.51 | <0.001 |
| DBP(mmHg) | 80.00 ± 10.80 | 78.98 ± 10.42 | 82.57 ± 11.32 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.61 ± 1.85 | 8.51 ± 1.85 | 8.87 ± 1.84 | 0.009 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 8.54 ± 2.83 | 8.28 ± 2.76 | 9.19 ± 2.90 | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.04 ± 0.93 | 4.02 ± 0.89 | 4.11 ± 1.03 | 0.226 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.47(1.02,2.30) | 1.39 (1.01,2.25) | 1.68 (1.10, 2.44) | 0.009 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.35 ± 0.75 | 2.34 ± 0.72 | 2.36 ± 0.80 | 0.807 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 0.97 ± 0.25 | 0.97 ± 0.23 | 0.97 ± 0.28 | 0.814 |
| HGB (g/L) | 141.26 ± 15.45 | 143.39 ± 14.67 | 135.92 ± 16.06 | <0.001 |
| UA (mmol/l) | 276.33 ± 78.03 | 270.14 ± 73.89 | 291.84 ± 85.75 | 0.001 |
| SCr (mg/dl) | 1.05 ± 0.23 | 1.00 ± 0.13 | 1.18 ± 0.33 | <0.001 |
| Cysc (mg/dl) | 0.90 ± 0.23 | 0.83 ± 0.13 | 1.05 ± 0.34 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min.1.73 m2) | 79.41 ± 16.22 | 83.32 ± 12.68 | 69.92 ± 19.64 | <0.001 |
| TSH (μIU/ml) | 1.94(1.32,2.75) | 1.95 (1.31, 2.70) | 1.93 (1.33,2.92) | 0.386 |
| FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.74 ± 0.52 | 4.80 ± 0.50 | 4.60 ± 0.55 | <0.001 |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 16.34 ± 2.10 | 16.39 ± 2.11 | 16.22 ± 2.09 | 0.302 |
| TPO-Ab, n (%) | 69(8.0) | 48 (7.8) | 21 (8.5) | 0.781 |
| UACR (mg/mmol) | 1.08(0.63,2.99) | 0.82 (0.54, 1.28) | 9.36 (3.95, 33.00) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as means ± SD or median (range) or count and percentage. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HGB, hemoglobin; UA, uric acid; SCr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; DKD, diabetic kidney disease. The P-value was obtained by chi-square or Mann–Whitney U test or independent two-sample t-tests.