| Participant number (%) |
474 (9.8) |
4386 (90.2) |
n/a |
| Mean age (years) |
28.6 ± 6.6 |
27.5 ± 7.25 |
0.002 |
| Mean BMI (kg/m2) |
26.4 ± 3.9 |
25.9 ± 4.1 |
0.018 |
| Married (%) |
46.4 |
37.5 |
< 0.001 |
| High school graduate or less (%) |
27.6 |
26 |
0.439 |
| Low income (%) |
42.6 |
50.7 |
0.002 |
| Working in medical fields (%) |
19.2 |
28.5 |
< 0.001 |
| Living in Central region of Saudi (%) |
54.2 |
42.9 |
< 0.001 |
| Living in Eastern region of Saudi (%) |
23.0 |
16.2 |
| Living in Western region of Saudi (%) |
14.8 |
22.2 |
| Living in North region of Saudi (%) |
5.7 |
7.5 |
| Living in Southern region of Saudi (%) |
2.3 |
11.1 |
| Active smokers (%) |
39.2 |
28.9 |
< 0.001 |
| Passive smokers (%) |
21.9 |
22.2 |
| Gym/Physical activities related data |
|
|
| Participated in gym for health reasons |
16.5 |
20.8 |
< 0.001 |
| Participated in gym for social reasons |
12.9 |
8.8 |
| Participated in gym for personal reasons |
70.6 |
70.4 |
| Duration of gym participation (months) |
44.4 ± 37.8 |
28.5 ± 30.8 |
< 0.001 |
| Average weekly gym training (hours) |
7.4 ± 4.6 |
7.3 ± 4.6 |
0.685 |
| Use of multivitamin/mineral supplements (%) |
75.9 |
57 |
< 0.001 |
| Use of growth hormone (%) |
34.8 |
4.5 |
< 0.001 |
| Participants who believed it was legal to use AAS (%) |
35.2 |
47.7 |
< 0.001 |
| Participated in walking-related exercise (%) |
39.1 |
33.1 |
< 0.001 |
| Participated in running-related exercise (%) |
15.6 |
15.5 |
| Participated in swimming-related exercise (%) |
23.8 |
20.7 |
| Participated in soccer-related exercise (%) |
21.5 |
30.6 |
| Knowledge about potential AAS complications |
|
|
| AAS can cause acne (%) |
48.5 |
37.9 |
< 0.001 |
| AAS can improve vision (%) |
7.0 |
7.0 |
| AAS can cause hair loss (%) |
38.4 |
31.8 |
| AAS can cause infertility (%) |
39.5 |
59.2 |
| AAS can increase risk of cardiovascular disease (%) |
33.5 |
46.3 |
