Table 1.
Association of perinatal mortality with selected sociodemographic, economic and delivery characteristics in Bangladesh
| Characteristics |
Total N = 24 560* |
Survived during perinatal period | Died during perinatal period | UOR, 95% CI N = 24560 |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 22 972 (n, %) |
N = 1588 (n, %) |
||||
|
Age (years): | |||||
| <20 |
2643 |
2415 (91.4%) |
228 (8.6%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| 20-29 |
14374 |
13 526 (94.1%) |
848 (5.9%) |
0.66; 0.57-0.77 |
|
| ≥30 |
7031 |
7030 (93.2%) |
512 (6.8%) |
0.77; 0.66-0.91 |
|
|
Religion: | |||||
| Islam |
23474 |
21 953 (93.5%) |
1521 (6.5%) |
Ref |
0.680 |
| Others |
1086 |
1019 (93.8%) |
67 (6.2%) |
0.95; 0.74-1.22 |
|
|
Parity: | |||||
| 0 |
7735 |
6997 (90.1%) |
738 (9.5%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| 1-2 |
9602 |
9172 (95.5%) |
430 (4.5%) |
0.44; 0.39-0.50 |
|
| 3-4 |
4737 |
4483 (94.6%) |
254 (5.4%) |
0.54; 0.46-0.62 |
|
|
≥5 |
2486 |
2320 (93.3%) |
166 (6.7%) |
0.68; 0.57-0.81 |
|
|
Family size: | |||||
| 1-4 |
7149 |
6638 (92.9%) |
511 (7.2%) |
Ref |
<0.050 |
| 5-6 |
6782 |
6350 (93.6%) |
432 (6.4%) |
0.88; 0.77-1.01 |
|
| 7-8 |
4755 |
4452 (93.6%) |
303 (6.4%) |
0.88; 0.76-1.02 |
|
| ≥9 |
5874 |
5532 (94.2%) |
342 (5.8%) |
0.80; 0.70-0.92 |
|
|
Household wealth quintile: | |||||
| Lowest quintile (poorest) |
4960 |
4587 (92.5%) |
373 (7.5%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| Second lowest quintile |
5090 |
4728 (92.9%) |
362 (7.1%) |
0.94; 0.81-1.09 |
|
| Middle quintile |
4795 |
4478 (93.4%) |
317 (6.6%) |
0.87; 0.75-1.02 |
|
| Second highest quintile |
4808 |
4509 (93.8%) |
299 (6.2%) |
0.82; 0.70-0.95 |
|
| Highest quintile (richest) |
4907 |
4670 (95.2%) |
237 (4.8%) |
0.62; 0.53-0.74 |
|
|
Education: | |||||
| No education |
5785 |
5354 (92.6%) |
431 (7.5%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| 1-5 years (primary) |
8963 |
8379 (93.5%) |
584 (6.5%) |
0.87; 0.76-0.99 |
|
| ≥6 years (secondary and above) |
9812 |
9239 (94.2%) |
573 (5.8%) |
0.77; 0.68-0.88 |
|
|
Husband’s education: | |||||
| No education |
8520 |
7930 (93.1%) |
590 (6.9%) |
Ref |
<0.01 |
| 1-5 years (primary) |
8474 |
7902 (93.3%) |
572 (6.8%) |
0.97; 0.86-1.10 |
|
| ≥6 years (secondary and above) |
7566 |
7140 (94.4%) |
426 (5.6%) |
0.80; 0.70-0.91 |
|
|
Work for cash: | |||||
| No |
24 014 |
22 449 (93.5%) |
1555 (6.5%) |
Ref |
0.680 |
| Yes |
546 |
513 (94.0%) |
33 (6.0%) |
0.93; 0.65-1.33 |
|
|
Women’s ability to make decision about child health care: | |||||
| No |
24 022 |
22 454 (93.5%) |
1568 (6.5%) |
Ref |
<0.010 |
| Yes |
538 |
518 (96.3%) |
20 (3.7%) |
0.55; 0.35-0.87 |
|
|
Go to health center alone: | |||||
| No |
4144 |
3888 (93.8%) |
256 (6.2%) |
Ref |
0.410 |
| Yes |
20 416 |
19 084 (93.5%) |
1332 (6.5%) |
1.06; 0.92-1.22 |
|
|
Past intrapartum history - any prior stillbirths or neonatal deaths: | |||||
| No |
22 225 |
20 839 (93.8%) |
1386 (6.2%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
2335 |
2133 (91.4%) |
202 (8.7%) |
1.42; 1.22-1.66 |
|
|
Trained ANC care: | |||||
| No |
9440 |
8806 (93.3%) |
634 (6.7%) |
Ref |
0.210 |
| Yes |
15 120 |
14 166 (93.7%) |
954 (6.3%) |
0.94; 0.84-1.04 |
|
|
Place of delivery |
|||||
| Home |
20 525 |
19 320 (94.1%) |
1205 (5.9%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| Public health facility |
2268 |
1990 (87.7%) |
278 (12.3%) |
2.24; 1.95-2.57 |
|
| Private health facility/clinic |
1767 |
1662 (94.1%) |
105 (5.9%) |
1.01; 0.82-1.24 |
|
|
Birth attendant: | |||||
| Untrained† |
1781 |
1670 (93.8%) |
111 (6.2%) |
0.66; 0.53-0.82 |
<0.001 |
| TBA |
18 297 |
17 231 (94.2%) |
1066 (5.8%) |
0.61; 0.54-0.69 |
|
| Skilled birth attendant‡ |
4482 |
4071 (90.8%) |
411 (9.2%) |
Ref |
|
|
Distance from health facility (km): | |||||
| 0-5 |
4846 |
4542 (93.7%) |
304 (6.3%) |
Ref |
<0.010 |
| 6-10 |
4846 |
4551 (93.9%) |
295 (6.1%) |
0.97; 0.82-1.14 |
|
| 11-15 |
5535 |
5118 (92.5%) |
417 (7.5%) |
1.22; 1.04-1.42 |
|
| >15 |
9333 |
8761 (93.9%) |
572 (6.1%) |
0.97; 0.84-1.13 |
|
|
Hemorrhage: | |||||
| No |
24 092 |
22 568 (93.7%) |
1524 (6.3%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
468 |
404 (93.5%) |
64 (13.7%) |
2.35; 1.80-3.08 |
|
|
Prolonged labor: | |||||
| No |
22 056 |
20 821 (94.4%) |
1235 (5.6%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
2504 |
2151 (85.9%) |
353 (14.1%) |
2.77; 2.44-3.14 |
|
|
Premature rupture of membrane: | |||||
| No |
22 576 |
21 235 (94.1%) |
1341 (5.9%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
1984 |
1737 (87.6%) |
247 (12.5%) |
2.25; 1.95-2.60 |
|
|
Abnormal presentation: | |||||
| No |
23 874 |
22 438 (94.0%) |
1436 (6.0%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
686 |
534 (77.8%) |
152 (22.1%) |
4.45; 3.68-5.36 |
|
|
Convulsion: | |||||
| No |
24 421 |
22 854 (93.6%) |
1567 (6.4%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
139 |
118 (84.9%) |
21 (15.1%) |
2.59; 1.63-4.14 |
|
|
Retained placenta: | |||||
| No |
24 286 |
22 727 (93.6%) |
1559 (6.4%) |
Ref |
<0.01 |
| Yes |
274 |
245 (89.4%) |
29 (10.6%) |
1.72; 1.17-2.54 |
|
|
Any complication: | |||||
| No |
19 404 |
18 496 (95.3%) |
908 (4.7%) |
Ref |
<0.001 |
| Yes | 5156 | 4476 (86.8%) | 680 (13.2%) | 3.09; 2.79-3.44 | |
UOR – unadjusted odds ratio, CI – confidence interval, ANC – ante-natal care, TBA – traditional birth attendant
*Data are row percentages; comparing women with and without perinatal mortality.
†Untrained attendants included community health workers and relatives/neighbors.
‡Includes births assisted by skilled birth attendants (ie, doctors, nurses, midwives and paramedics).