Table 2.

Results of logistic regression models predicting offspring emotional, physical, or sexual maltreatment at ages 0–8 years (n = 11,384).

	Unadjusted model			Adjusted model
	OR	95% CI	Wald p-value	OR	95% CI	Wald p-value
Maternal social supporta	0.90	0.89–0.92	< 0.001	0.95	0.93–0.96	≤0.001
Maternal history of maltreatment and IPV
Neither childhood maltreatment nor postpartum IPV				1.00	(ref)	≤0.001
Childhood maltreatment only				2.59	2.19–3.07
Postpartum IPV only				5.89	4.87–7.12
Both childhood maltreatment and postpartum IPV				9.56	6.96–13.13
Highest level of parental education
Below O-level				0.82	0.64–1.06	0.351
O-level				0.92	0.75–1.13
A-level				0.89	0.74–1.08
University degree				1.00	(ref)
Highest occupational class of parents
I – Professional				1.00	(ref)	0.246
II – Managerial/technical				1.05	0.85–1.29
III – Skilled non-manual				0.93	0.72–1.19
IV – Skilled manual				1.16	0.85–1.57
V/VI – Partly skilled/unskilled				1.18	0.78–1.78
Maternal marital status
Married				1.00	(ref)	0.118
Divorced, widowed, separated				1.23	0.96–1.58
Never married				1.02	0.85–1.24
Maternal anxiety or depression during pregnancy
No				1.00	(ref)	≤0.001
Yes				1.66	1.43–1.92
Maternal regular alcohol consumption during pregnancy
No				1.00	(ref)	0.328
Yes				1.04	0.87–1.24
Maternal age at delivery				1.03	1.01–1.04	≤0.001

^aMother’s perceived social support from her partner, family, friends, and neighbors, reported at 8 weeks postpartum. Higher scores indicate higher perceived support.