Table 3.
Results of logistic regression models predicting offspring physical violence perpetration at ages 18–20 years (n = 11,384).
| Adjusted model 1
|
Adjusted model 2
|
Adjusted model 3
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | Wald p-value | OR | 95% CI | Wald p-value | OR | 95% CI | Wald p-value | |
| Paternal involvementa | 0.85 | 0.77–0.94 | 0.013 | 0.85 | 0.77–0.95 | 0.013 | 0.85 | 0.77–0.95 | 0.012 |
| Offspring maltreatment | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 | (ref) | ≤0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.45 | 1.15–1.82 | – | – | – | – | |||
| Offspring maltreatment, by timing | |||||||||
| No maltreatment | – | – | – | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.004 | – | – | – |
| 0–2 years | – | – | 1.61 | 1.08–2.41 | – | – | |||
| 2–5 years | – | – | 1.21 | 0.89–1.64 | – | – | |||
| 5–8 years | – | – | 1.72 | 1.12–2.66 | – | – | |||
| Offspring maltreatment, by type | |||||||||
| No maltreatment | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | (ref) | ≤0.001 |
| Emotional only | – | – | – | – | 1.28 | 1.00–1.64 | |||
| Physical only | – | – | – | – | 1.52 | 0.80–2.88 | |||
| Sexual and/or multiple types | – | – | – | – | 1.85 | 1.26–2.71 | |||
| Maternal social support | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.188 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.266 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.218 |
| Maternal maltreatment and IPV | |||||||||
| Neither maltreatment nor IPV | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.278 | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.269 | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.287 |
| Childhood maltreatment only | 1.09 | 0.80–1.50 | 1.10 | 0.80–1.50 | 1.08 | 0.79–1.49 | |||
| Postpartum IPV only | 1.05 | 0.75–1.46 | 1.03 | 0.72–1.47 | 1.04 | 0.75–1.45 | |||
| Both maltreatment and IPV | 1.11 | 0.68–1.83 | 1.09 | 0.65–1.83 | 1.08 | 0.65–1.78 | |||
| Offspring sex | |||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | (ref) | ≤0.001 | 1.00 | (ref) | ≤0.001 | 1.00 | (ref) | ≤0.001 |
| Male | 1.94 | 1.59–2.36 | 1.94 | 1.59–2.36 | 1.94 | 1.59–2.36 | |||
| Highest level of parental education | |||||||||
| Below O-level | 1.39 | 1.04–1.85 | 0.020 | 1.38 | 1.03–1.84 | 0.021 | 1.40 | 1.05–1.86 | 0.018 |
| O-level | 1.15 | 0.88–1.51 | 1.14 | 0.87–1.50 | 1.16 | 0.88–1.52 | |||
| A-level | 1.08 | 0.81–1.44 | 1.07 | 0.80–1.43 | 1.08 | 0.81–1.44 | |||
| University degree | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | 1.00 | (ref) | |||
| Highest parental occupational class | |||||||||
| I – Professional | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.020 | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.018 | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.019 |
| II – Managerial or technical | 1.29 | 0.95–1.74 | 1.29 | 0.96–1.75 | 1.29 | 0.95–1.74 | |||
| III – Skilled non-manual | 1.42 | 1.02–1.98 | 1.43 | 1.03–2.00 | 1.42 | 1.02–1.98 | |||
| IV – Skilled manual | 1.17 | 0.78–1.76 | 1.18 | 0.78–1.77 | 1.17 | 0.77–1.76 | |||
| V/VI – Partly skilled/Unskilled | 1.27 | 0.62–2.63 | 1.27 | 0.62–2.64 | 1.28 | 0.62–2.64 | |||
| Maternal marital status | |||||||||
| Married | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.046 | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.044 | 1.00 | (ref) | 0.048 |
| Divorced, separated, widowed | 1.35 | 0.91–1.99 | 1.34 | 0.91–1.99 | 1.35 | 0.91–2.00 | |||
| Never married | 1.31 | 0.98–1.76 | 1.31 | 0.98–1.76 | 1.31 | 0.98–1.75 | |||
| Maternal age at delivery | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.118 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.149 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.117 |
a
Positive father-child relationship and frequency of father-child contact at 9–10 years of age, as reported by the child’s mother. Higher values indicate more paternal involvement.