Table 1.

Animal models of pancreatitis.

Chemical inducer	Characteristics	Pancreatitis type	References
Bile salts	Mechanical temporary blockage of bile duct, detergent effect of the bile salts, and hemorrhagic necrosis	Severe AP	[16]
Cerulein	Stimulation of pancreatic enzyme production, inhibition of zymogen granules exocytosis, NADPH oxidase activation, increased reactive oxygen species generation, NF-κB activation, cytokine expression, and acinar cells death	Mild AP CP (repeated exposure)	[17–19]
L-arginine	Increased production of amylase, lipase, and trypsinogen, markedly swollen mitochondria, and degenerative changes of intracellular organelles and nuclei	Severe necrotizing AP CP	[20, 21]
Alcohol +/− high fat diet	Stellate cell activation, fibrosis, and acinar cell mass shrinkage	Mild CP	[22–24]
Dibutyltin dichloride	Edema (24 h), mononuclear cells infiltration (day 7), bile duct epithelium necrosis, upregulation of transforming growth factor-β1, and fibrosis with increased collagen type I production	AP CP	[25]
CCK	Increased plasma amylase, lipase, trypsin-like immunoreactivity, pancreatic parenchymal swelling, and interlobular and subcapsular fluid accumulation	AP	[26]

AP: acute pancreatitis, CCK: cholecystokinin, and CP: chronic pancreatitis.