Figure 4.

New concept for skill assessment using an AI-based measure of the hand motions of expert and novice groups. This system shows the results of the skill assessment quantitatively with a bar graph. The left side of the complex color line indicates features of novices' hand motions calculated by unstable periodic orbit analysis. The right side of the complex color line indicates features of average experts' hand motions calculated by unstable periodic orbit analysis. The resemblance ratio is the result of comparing results with those from the average from expert surgeons' data. The three evaluation items indicate the amount of each fluctuation calculated using detrended fluctuation analysis. The orange zone indicates the proper amount of fluctuation. Each zone was calculated by averaging the experts' results. Stability of COG, stability of the center of gravity of both hands; flexibility of maneuver, flexibility of maneuverability of both hands; two-handed coordination, coordination of both hands during surgery.